Transceive Phased-array Systems for Parallel MRI

AuthorYu Li
Thesis TitleTransceive Phased-array Systems for Parallel MRI
School, Centre or InstituteSchool of Information Technol and Elec Engineering
InstitutionThe University of Queensland
Publication date2010-12
Thesis typePhD Thesis
SupervisorStuart Crozier
Feng Liu
Total pages267
Total colour pages83
Total black and white pages184
Subjects09 Engineering
Abstract/SummaryAbstract This thesis focuses on the transceive phased array designs for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With the introduction of phased array technology in MRI, a wide variety of phased array coils have been constructed for human clinical applications or small animal studies. Compared to receive-only phased array coils, transceive phased-arrays combine the function of the transmit coils and receiver coils. They have the capability of generating a homogeneous magnetic field and detecting the MRI signal with a high signal-noise-ration (SNR). Operations at high field have the advantage of being able to enhance the SNR and gain a high spectral resolution. However, to realize the full benefits of high field parallel MRI, current radio frequency (RF) technology still needs improvements and many technical challenges need to be overcome, such as providing an optimized engineering solution which balances the RF magnetic field penetration, coil sensitivity, coupling/decoupling and B1 field homogeneity. Moreover, in some applications, such as in a small animal system, the limited space within small animal systems makes it difficult to incorporate both transmit and receive coils. In this thesis, these issues concerning transceive systems are explicitly optimized for RF performance through a number of proposed novel and effective hardware solutions. An inverse method for the design of phased-array is described and applied to the design of asymmetric, unshielded RF array coils. This method expands the geometry of arrays from conventional cylinders to part-spheres, cone and ellipsoid shapes that conform more closely to the anatomy under study. The research work developed and presented in this thesis has been applied to two specific RF coil applications, human breast imaging and small animal imaging. Firstly, for transceive RF breast coils design, a two-loop array coil has been designed and optimized to improve the homogeneity of the B1 field. Secondly, a hybrid structured design of the breast array coil has been proposed for the improvement of the overall RF field performance, especially the superior-inferior area of the breast, which is a problematic area for the conventional breast coil. Finally, a single-turn solenoidal transceive breast coil design for a bilateral breast MRI has been introduced. For small animal MRI in a high field application, three dedicated, shielded eight-element transceive volume-arrays for large rat MRI applications has been designed and two have been constructed. Several techniques and methods have been proposed and employed for the array design to help to improve the coil RF penetration depth and the signal reception capability, and also to minimize the mutual decoupling between adjacent coil elements. As an important accessory of the phase array system, a high power eight-channel T/R switch unit is also designed and fabricated. Both experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the technical potential of the proposed transceive phased-array technology for high-field human and small animal MRI applications.
KeywordPhased array
Inverse Design
Hybrid design
RF breast coil
RF small animal coil
Transceive
Parallel MRI
Additional Notespage number of colour page of PDF file p37, p39, p40, p41, p43, p47, p49, p51, p52, p53, p54, p56, p57, p58, p60, p61, p63, p64, p69, p71, p72, p76, p83, p84, p89, p94, p102, p116, p123, p129, p131, p132, p133, p134, p139, p140, p141, p142, p143, p151, p152, p153, p154, p155, p156, p161, p164, p165, p166, p167, p169, p170, p172, p173, p174, p175, p180, p181, p204, p205, p206, p207, p209, p210, p211, p212, p213, p214, p215, p216, p217, p231, p232, p234, p235, p236, p237, p238, p239, p240, p241, p246, p247

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### 使用 `transceive` 方法编程 在 Android 开发中,NFC 功能通过 `IsoDep`, `NfcA`, 或其他特定技术类提供访问接口。对于 MIFARE Classic 和 NTAG213 标签的操作通常涉及 `NfcA` 类中的 `transceive()` 方法。 #### 发送命令并接收响应数据 `transceive(byte[] data)` 是用于发送指令到标签并通过返回字节数组获取响应的方法[^1]。此方法允许应用程序向 NFC 设备发出低级 APDU 命令或协议命令,并读取设备的回复。当调用该函数时,如果通信过程中出现问题,则会抛出 `IOException` 异常。 ```java try { byte[] command = new byte[]{ /* 构建要发送的具体命令 */ }; Tag tagFromIntent = intent.getParcelableExtra(NfcAdapter.EXTRA_TAG); NfcA nfcA = NfcA.get(tagFromIntent); if (nfcA != null && nfcA.isConnected()) { byte[] response = nfcA.transceive(command); // 执行传输操作 String result = bytesToHex(response); // 将结果转换成十六进制字符串表示形式 Log.d("TAG", "Response: " + result); } } catch (IOException e) { Log.e("TAG", "Transceive failed"); } ``` #### 处理最大传输长度 需要注意的是,在某些情况下,如使用 NTAG213 标签时,`getMaxTransceiveLength()` 返回的最大值可能并不意味着可以一次性写入这么多的数据量。建议分页处理较大规模的数据交换以提高稳定性[^2]: ```java int maxLen = nfcA.getMaxTransceiveLength(); // 对于较大的数据集考虑拆分为多个较小的部分来传递 for(int i=0; i<data.length; i+=maxLen){ int lengthToSend = Math.min(maxLen, data.length-i); byte[] subData = Arrays.copyOfRange(data,i,i+lengthToSend); nfcA.transceive(subData); } ``` #### 调试模式下的行为差异 有时开发者发现程序在调试器环境下正常工作但在实际运行时不稳定。这可能是由于时间敏感型问题引起的,比如连接超时或其他同步错误。确保所有必要的初始化已完成再尝试任何 I/O 操作可以帮助减少这类问题的发生概率[^3]。
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