英语的词性 - 英语的词类 - part of speech

In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties.
词类或词性是一种语言中词的语法分类，是以语法特征 (包括句法功能和形态变化) 为主要依据、兼顾词汇意义对词进行分类的结果。词性可特指词的性质，作为划分词类的依据。确定了词的性质也就等于确定了词类，所以二者常混用。

在一个语言中，众多具有相同句法功能、能在同样的组合位置中出现的词，聚合在一起形成的范畴，称为词类。

part of speech：词性，词类
word class：词类

Some traditional classifications consider articles to be adjectives, yielding eight parts of speech rather than nine. And some modern classifications define further classes in addition to these.
传统上，英语中有八个词类：名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。而在更前沿的语法研究中，语法学家们分出了更多、更细的词类，如限定词、句首助动词等。

Eight or nine parts of speech are commonly listed:

1. noun
2. verb
3. adjective
4. adverb
5. pronoun
6. preposition
7. conjunction
8. interjection
9. determiner

1. noun (n.)

Noun (names)
n. 名词

• UK /naʊn/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron/u/ukn/uknot/uknotif012.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukn/uknot/uknotif012.ogg

• US /naʊn/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron/n/nou/noun_/noun.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron_ogg/n/nou/noun_/noun.ogg

地球上一切事物 (包括人) 的名称，就是名词。

2. pronoun (pron.)

Pronoun (replaces or places again)
n. 代词 (代替名词或名词词组的单词)，代名词

• UK /ˈprəʊ.naʊn/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron/u/ukp/ukpro/ukpromi024.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukp/ukpro/ukpromi024.ogg

• US /ˈproʊ.naʊn/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron/p/pro/prono/pronoun.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron_ogg/p/pro/prono/pronoun.ogg

用来代替句子中已经提及过或已知的名词。

3. verb (v.)

Verb (states action or being)
n. 动词

• UK /vɜːb/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron/u/ukv/ukven/ukventr010.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukv/ukven/ukventr010.ogg

• US /vɝːb/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron/v/ver/verb_/verb.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron_ogg/v/ver/verb_/verb.ogg

动词描述动作或是存在状态。

在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分为及物动词 (transitive verb, vt.) 与不及物动词 (intransitive verb, vi.)。及物动词后面可直接加宾语，而不及物动词后面不可直接加宾语。及物动词可构成被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。

3.1. transitive verb (vt.)

及物动词

transitive [ˈtrænsətɪv]：adj. 及物的 n. 及物动词

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词。

“及物”说明需要带“物”来完成一个动作，这个动作是有对象的，这个对象就是它后面要加的宾语。及物动词有被动形式。

3.2. intransitive verb (vi.)

不及物动词

intransitive [ɪnˈtrænsətɪv]：adj. 不及物的 n. 不及物动词

本身意义完整，后面不必跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词。

不及物动词是没有被动式的，它的动作没有对象，只是表示某种状态。不及物动词后不可直接跟宾语。若不及物动词后要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词

4. adjective (adj.)

Adjective (describes, limits)
n. 形容词

• UK /ˈædʒ.ek.tɪv/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron/u/uka/ukadh/ukadher017.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/uk_pron_ogg/u/uka/ukadh/ukadher017.ogg

• US /ˈædʒ.ek.tɪv/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron/e/eus/eus70/eus70080.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-traditional/us_pron_ogg/e/eus/eus70/eus70080.ogg

形容词描述 (或修饰) 名词或代名词。

5. adverb (adv.)

Adverb (describes, limits)
n. 副词

• UK /ˈæd.vɜːb/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron/u/uka/ukadu/ukadult021.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron_ogg/u/uka/ukadu/ukadult021.ogg

• US /ˈæd.vɝːb/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron/a/adv/adver/adverb.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron_ogg/a/adv/adver/adverb.ogg

副词描述 (或修饰) 动词、形容词、副词，或是整句。

6. numeral (num.)

n. 数字，数码，数词 adj. 数的，表示数的

• UK /ˈnjuː.mə.rəl/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/uk_pron/u/ukn/uknum/uknumbe008.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukn/uknum/uknumbe008.ogg

• US /ˈnuː.mə.rəl/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/us_pron/n/num/numer/numeral.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/us_pron_ogg/n/num/numer/numeral.ogg

表示数目多少的数词叫基数词，表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

7. preposition (prep.)

Preposition (relates)
n. 介词，前置词

• UK /ˌprep.əˈzɪʃ.ən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron/u/ukp/ukpre/ukpremi028.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukp/ukpre/ukpremi028.ogg

• US /ˌprep.əˈzɪʃ.ən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron/p/pre/prepo/preposition.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron_ogg/p/pre/prepo/preposition.ogg

用在名词或名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构前，表示词语间语义关系的词叫介词。

8. conjunction (conj.)

Conjunction (connects)
n. 连词，连接词，结合，联合，同时发生

• UK /kənˈdʒʌŋk.ʃən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron/u/ukc/ukcon/ukconje006.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron_ogg/u/ukc/ukcon/ukconje006.ogg

• US /kənˈdʒʌŋk.ʃən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron/c/con/conju/conjunction.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron_ogg/c/con/conju/conjunction.ogg

用来连接单词、短语或是句子。

9. interjection (int.)

Interjection (expresses feelings and emotions)
n. 感叹词，感叹语，插话

• UK /ˌɪn.təˈdʒek.ʃən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron/u/uki/ukint/ukinter030.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/uk_pron_ogg/u/uki/ukint/ukinter030.ogg

• US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈdʒek.ʃən/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron/e/eus/eus72/eus72507.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english-chinese-simplified/us_pron_ogg/e/eus/eus72/eus72507.ogg

用来表达情感或情绪的单词。

10. article (art.)

Article (describes, limits)
n. 论文，物件，条款，冠词
v. 列举，控告，把 ... 逐条登载，用条款约束

• UK /ˈɑː.tɪ.kəl/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/uk_pron/u/uka/ukarr/ukarriv030.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/uk_pron_ogg/u/uka/ukarr/ukarriv030.ogg

• US /ˈɑːr.t̬ɪ.kəl/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/us_pron/e/eus/eus70/eus70319.mp3
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/english/us_pron_ogg/e/eus/eus70/eus70319.ogg

冠词在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用，冠词是一种虚词。

References

[1] Yongqiang Cheng, https://yongqiang.blog.csdn.net/
[2] 英文八大词性 eight parts of speech, https://www.wordsgo.com/articles/eight_speech.html
[3] Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
[4] Part of speech, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech