【数学公式】一元三次方程求解

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已于 2023-07-01 00:05:21 修改

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分类专栏：学习资料文章标签：一元三次方程通用公式求解虚数根实数根

于 2023-07-01 00:05:03 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/chenlu5201314/article/details/131484782

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通用求根公式①

计算公式与步骤

$ax^3+bx^3+cx+d =0$
① 计算 $u$ 和 $v$
$=\frac {9abc-27a^2d-2n3} {54a^3}$
$=\frac{\sqrt{3(4ac^3-b^2c^2-18abcd+27a^2d^2+4b^3d)}} {18a^2}$
② 计算 $m$
当 $|u+v|\ge|u-v|$ 时 $m=\sqrt[3]{u+v}$
当 $∣ u + v ∣ < ∣ u - v ∣$ 时 $m=\sqrt[3]{u-v}$

③ 计算 $n$
当 $|m|\ne0$ 时 $n=\frac{b^2-3ac}{9a^2m}$
当 $∣ m ∣ = 0$ 时 $n = 0$
④计算根
其中：
$w=-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i$
$w^2=-\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i$
那么根为：
$x_1=m+n-\frac{b}{3a}$
$x_2=wm+w^2n-\frac{b}{3a}$
$x_3=w^2m+wn-\frac{b}{3a}$

C#代码

using System;

namespace SEUC
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            double? x1 = 0;
            double? x2 = 0;
            double? x3 = 0;
            double? x2i = 0;
            double? x3i = 0;
            SolveEquation.unaryCubic(1,-3,2,-1000,out x1,out x2,out x2i,out x3,out x3i);
            Console.WriteLine($"x1={x1}");
            string symbol2 = x2i > 0 ? "+" : "";
            Console.WriteLine($"x2={x2}{symbol2}{x2i}i");
            string symbol3 = x3i > 0 ? "+" : "";
            Console.WriteLine($"x3={x3}{symbol3}{x3i}i");
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 通用求根公式
    /// </summary>
    class SolveEquation
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 三元一次方程
        /// ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="a"></param>
        /// <param name="b"></param>
        /// <param name="c"></param>
        /// <param name="d"></param>
        /// <param name="x1">第一个根</param>
        /// <param name="x2">第二个根实数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x2i">第二个根虚数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x3">第三个根实数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x3i">第三个根虚数部分</param>
        public static void unaryCubic(double a, double b, double c, double d, out double? x1, out double? x2, out double? x2i, out double? x3, out double? x3i)
        {
            x1 = null;
            x2 = null;
            x3 = null;

            double uu = 9.0 * a * b * c -27.0 * a * a * d - 2.0 * b * b * b;
            double ud = 54.0*a*a*a;

            double u = uu / ud;
            double vup = 3.0 * (4.0 * a * c * c * c - b * b * c * c - 18.0 * a * b * c * d + 27.0 * a * d * a * d + 4.0 * b * b * b * d);
            double vd = 18.0 * a * a;
            double vu = Math.Sqrt(vup);
            double v = vu / vd;
            double m = 0;
            if (Math.Abs(u+v)>= Math.Abs(u - v))
            {
                m = Math.Pow(u + v, 1.0/3.0);
            }
            else
            {
                m = Math.Pow(u - v, 1.0/3.0);
            }
            double n = 0;
            if (m!=0)
            {
                double nu = b*b - 3.0*a* c;
                double nd = 9.0*a*a*m;
                n = nu / nd;
            }
            else
            {
                n = 0;
            }
            double t = -b / (3.0 * a);
            double aa = 1.0 / 2.0;
            double bb = Math.Sqrt(3.0) / 2.0;
            x1 = m + n + t;
            x2 = -aa * m - aa * n + t;
            x2i = bb * m - bb * n;
            x3 = -aa * m - aa * n + t;
            x3i = -bb * m + bb * n;
        }
    }
}

示例

例如： $x (x - 1) (x - 2) = 1000$ 展开 $x^3-3x^2+2x-1000=1000$

$a = 1$
$b = - 3$
$c = 2$
$d = - 1000$
计算结果如下：

x1=11.03333321028806
x2=-4.01666660514403+8.631386417111793i
x3=-4.01666660514403-8.631386417111793i

一般的一元三次方程求解②

计算公式与步骤

$ax^3+bx^3+cx+d =0$
① 计算 $p$ 和 $q$
$=\frac {3ac-b^2} {3a^2}$
$=\frac{27a^2d-9abc+2b^3} {27a^3}$
② 计算 $\Delta$

$\Delta = \frac{q^2}{4} + \frac{p^3}{27}$

当 $\Delta>0$ 时有一个实根和两个共轭虚根
当 $\Delta=0$ 时有三个实根。如果 $q = q = 0$ ,三个实根都相等；否则三个实根中有两个相等。
当 $\Delta<0$ 时有三个不相等的实根

③ 计算 $p_1$ 、 $p_2$ 、 $p_3$
$p_1 = -\frac{b}{3a}$
$p_2 = \sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}+\sqrt{\Delta}}$
$p_3 = \sqrt[3]{-\frac{q}{2}-\sqrt{\Delta}}$
④ 计算根
其中：
$w=\frac{-1+\sqrt{3}i}{2}$
$w^2=\frac{-1-\sqrt{3}i}{2}$
那么根为：

$x_1=p_1 +p_2+p_3$
$x_2=p_1 +wp_2+w^2p_3$
$x_3=p_1 +w^2p_2+wp_3$

C#代码

using System;

namespace SEUC
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            double? x1 = 0;
            double? x2 = 0;
            double? x3 = 0;
            double? x2i = 0;
            double? x3i = 0;
            SolveEquation.unaryCubic(1,-3,2,-1000,out x1,out x2,out x2i,out x3,out x3i);
            Console.WriteLine($"x1={x1}");
            string symbol2 = x2i > 0 ? "+" : "";
            Console.WriteLine($"x2={x2}{symbol2}{x2i}i");
            string symbol3 = x3i > 0 ? "+" : "";
            Console.WriteLine($"x3={x3}{symbol3}{x3i}i");
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 通用求根公式
    /// </summary>
     public class SolveEquation
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 三元一次方程
        /// ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="a"></param>
        /// <param name="b"></param>
        /// <param name="c"></param>
        /// <param name="d"></param>
        /// <param name="x1">第一个根</param>
        /// <param name="x2">第二个根实数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x2i">第二个根虚数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x3">第三个根实数部分</param>
        /// <param name="x3i">第三个根虚数部分</param>
        public static void unaryCubic(double a, double b, double c, double d, out double? x1, out double? x2, out double? x2i, out double? x3, out double? x3i)
        {
            x1 = null;
            x2 = null;
            x3 = null;

            double pu = 3 * a * c - b * b;
            double pd = 3 * a * a;

            double p = pu / pd;

            double qu = 27 * a * a * d - 9 * a * b * c + 2 * b * b * b; ;
            double qd = 27 * a * a * a; ;
            double q = qu/qd;

            double p1 = - b / (3.0 * a);
            double delta = (q * q) / 4.0 + (p * p * p) / 27.0;
            double delta2 = Math.Sqrt(delta);
            //if (p2p3sqrt>0) //实根和两个共轭虚根。
            //{
            //    p2p3 = Math.Pow(p2p3sqrt, 0.5);
            //}
            //else if (p2p3sqrt == 0) //有三个实根
            //{
            //    p2p3 = 0;
            //}
            //else //有三个不相等的实根
            //{
            //    p2p3 = Math.Pow(p2p3sqrt,0.5);
            //}
            double p2Sqrt3 = -q / 2.0 + delta2;
            double p3Sqrt3 = -q / 2.0 - delta2;

            double p2 = Math.Pow(p2Sqrt3, 1.0/3.0);
            double p3 = Math.Pow(p3Sqrt3, 1.0/3.0);

            double w1 = -1.0 / 2.0;
            double w1i = Math.Sqrt(3.0) / 2.0;

            // 1-3-2sqrt 3
            double w2 = -1 / 2.0;
            double w2i = - Math.Sqrt(3.0) / 2.0;

            x1 = p1 + p2 + p3;
            x2 = p1 + w1 * p2 + w2 * p3;
            x2i =  w1i * p2 + w2i * p3;
            x3 = p1 + w2 * p2 + w1 * p3;
            x3i = w2i * p2 + w1i * p3;
        }
    }
}

示例

例如： $x (x - 1) (x - 2) = 1000$ 展开 $x^3-3x^2+2x-1000=1000$

$a = 1$
$b = - 3$
$c = 2$
$d = - 1000$
计算结果如下：

x1=11.033333210284283
x2=-4.016666605142142+8.631386417115063i
x3=-4.016666605142142-8.631386417115063i

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【数学公式】一元三次方程求解

ax3bx3cxd0① 计算u和vu54a39abc−27a2d−2n3v18a234ac3−b2c2−18abcd27a2d24b3d② 计算m当∣uv∣≥∣u−v∣时m3uv当∣uv∣∣u−v∣时m3u−v③ 计算n当∣m∣0时n9a2mb2−3ac当∣m∣0。
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