一、题目
x 5 + 10 x 3 + 20 x − 4 = 0 x^5 + 10x^3+20x-4=0 x5+10x3+20x−4=0
二、解答
此答题过程来自于韦东奕的解题思路，其中神之一手换元 x = a − 2 a \boxed{ x=a-\frac{2}{a}} x=a−a2 令人惊叹不已！其如此敏锐解体思路除了数学方面的天赋专注以外，题海战术、将知识融会贯通都缺一不可。
1.换元
令：
x
=
a
−
2
a
x=a-\frac{2}{a}
x=a−a2,带入原式：
(
a
−
2
a
)
5
+
10
(
a
−
2
a
)
3
+
20
(
a
−
2
a
)
−
4
=
0
(a-\frac{2}{a})^5+10(a-\frac{2}{a})^3+20(a-\frac{2}{a})-4=0
(a−a2)5+10(a−a2)3+20(a−a2)−4=0
2.多项式展开
⟹
a
5
−
10
a
3
+
40
a
−
80
1
a
+
80
1
a
3
−
32
a
5
+
10
a
3
−
80
1
a
3
−
60
a
+
120
1
a
+
20
a
−
40
1
a
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5-10a^3+40a-80\frac{1}{a}+80\frac{1}{a^3}-\frac{32}{a^5}+10a^3-80\frac{1}{a^3}-60a+120\frac{1}{a}+20a-40\frac{1}{a}-4=0
⟹a5−10a3+40a−80a1+80a31−a532+10a3−80a31−60a+120a1+20a−40a1−4=0
⟹
a
5
−
10
a
3
+
40
a
−
80
1
a
+
80
1
a
3
−
32
a
5
+
10
a
3
−
80
1
a
3
−
60
a
+
120
1
a
+
20
a
−
40
1
a
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5-\boxed{\xcancel{10a^3}}+40a-80\frac{1}{a}+80\frac{1}{a^3}-\frac{32}{a^5}+\boxed{\xcancel{10a^3}}-80\frac{1}{a^3}-60a+120\frac{1}{a}+20a-40\frac{1}{a}-4=0
⟹a5−10a3
+40a−80a1+80a31−a532+10a3
−80a31−60a+120a1+20a−40a1−4=0
⟹
a
5
+
40
a
−
80
1
a
+
80
1
a
3
−
32
a
5
+
−
80
1
a
3
−
60
a
+
120
1
a
+
20
a
−
40
1
a
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5+\boxed{\xcancel{40a}}-80\frac{1}{a}+80\frac{1}{a^3}-\frac{32}{a^5}+-80\frac{1}{a^3}-\boxed{\xcancel{60a}}+120\frac{1}{a}+\boxed{\xcancel{20a}}-40\frac{1}{a}-4=0
⟹a5+40a
−80a1+80a31−a532+−80a31−60a
+120a1+20a
−40a1−4=0
⟹
a
5
−
80
1
a
+
80
1
a
3
−
32
a
5
−
80
1
a
3
+
120
1
a
−
40
1
a
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5-\boxed{\xcancel{80\frac{1}{a}}}+80\frac{1}{a^3}-\frac{32}{a^5}-80\frac{1}{a^3}+\boxed{\xcancel{120\frac{1}{a}}}-\boxed{\xcancel{40\frac{1}{a}}}-4=0
⟹a5−80a1
+80a31−a532−80a31+120a1
−40a1
−4=0
⟹
a
5
+
80
1
a
3
−
32
a
5
−
80
1
a
3
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5+\boxed{\xcancel{80\frac{1}{a^3}}}-\frac{32}{a^5}-\boxed{\xcancel{80\frac{1}{a^3}}}-4=0
⟹a5+80a31
−a532−80a31
−4=0
除了五次项以外其他项都能互相消除掉，最后只剩下以下式子。
⟹
a
5
−
32
a
5
−
4
=
0
\Longrightarrow a^5-\frac{32}{a^5}-4=0
⟹a5−a532−4=0
左右两边同时乘以
a
5
a^5
a5
(
a
5
)
2
−
4
×
a
5
−
32
=
0
(a^5)^2-4\times a^5-32=0
(a5)2−4×a5−32=0
3. 因式分解 求a
(
a
5
−
8
)
(
a
5
+
4
)
=
0
(a^5-8)(a^5+4)=0
(a5−8)(a5+4)=0
解出
{
a
5
=
8
a
5
=
−
4
或者
a
5
=
4
e
π
i
\begin{cases} a^5=8 \\ a^5=-4 或者 a^5=4e^{\pi i} \end{cases}
{a5=8a5=−4或者a5=4eπi
⇔
{
a
1
=
8
1
5
a
2
=
(
−
4
)
1
5
或者根据欧拉公式写成
a
2
=
4
5
e
π
5
i
\lrArr \begin{cases} a_1=8^{\frac{1}{5}} \\ a_2=(-4)^{\frac{1}{5}} 或者根据欧拉公式写成 a_2=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{\pi}{5} i} \end{cases}
⇔{a1=851a2=(−4)51或者根据欧拉公式写成a2=54e5πi
使用欧拉公式替代以后解出另外3个复数根
⇔
{
a
1
=
8
1
5
a
2
=
(
−
4
)
1
5
=
4
5
e
π
5
i
a
3
=
4
5
e
(
π
5
+
2
π
)
i
=
4
5
e
11
π
5
i
a
4
=
4
5
e
(
11
π
5
+
2
π
)
i
=
4
5
e
21
π
5
i
a
5
=
4
5
e
(
21
π
5
+
2
π
)
i
=
4
5
e
31
π
5
i
\lrArr \begin{cases} a_1=8^{\frac{1}{5}} \\ a_2=(-4)^{\frac{1}{5}} =\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{\pi}{5} i} \\ a_3=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{\pi}{5}+2\pi) i} =\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{11\pi}{5} i} \\ a_4=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{11\pi}{5}+2\pi) i}=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{21\pi}{5} i} \\ a_5=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{21\pi}{5}+2\pi) i}=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{31\pi}{5} i} \end{cases}
⇔⎩
⎨
⎧a1=851a2=(−4)51=54e5πia3=54e(5π+2π)i=54e511πia4=54e(511π+2π)i=54e521πia5=54e(521π+2π)i=54e531πi
4. 用a求x根
⇔ { a 1 = 8 5 a 2 = − 4 5 = 4 5 e π 5 i = 4 5 c o s π 5 + 4 5 i s i n π 5 a 3 = 4 5 e ( π 5 + 2 π ) i = 4 5 e 11 π 5 i a 4 = 4 5 e ( 11 π 5 + 2 π ) i = 4 5 e 21 π 5 i a 5 = 4 5 e ( 21 π 5 + 2 π ) i = 4 5 e 31 π 5 i \lrArr \begin{cases} a_1=\sqrt[5]8 \\ a_2=\sqrt[5]{-4} =\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{\pi}{5} i} =\sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5} \\ a_3=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{\pi}{5}+2\pi) i} =\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{11\pi}{5} i} \\ a_4=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{11\pi}{5}+2\pi) i}=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{21\pi}{5} i} \\ a_5=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{(\frac{21\pi}{5}+2\pi) i}=\sqrt[5]{4} e^{\frac{31\pi}{5} i} \end{cases} ⇔⎩ ⎨ ⎧a1=58a2=5−4=54e5πi=54cos5π+54isin5πa3=54e(5π+2π)i=54e511πia4=54e(511π+2π)i=54e521πia5=54e(521π+2π)i=54e531πi
⟹
{
x
1
=
8
5
−
2
8
5
x
2
=
−
4
5
−
2
−
4
5
\Longrightarrow \begin{cases} x_1=\sqrt[5]8 -\frac{2}{\sqrt[5]8} \\ x_2=\sqrt[5]{-4} -\frac{2}{\sqrt[5]{-4}} \end{cases}
⟹{x1=58−582x2=5−4−5−42
其中
x
2
x_2
x2使用欧拉公式来替换
x
2
=
a
−
2
a
=
a
−
2
a
−
1
=
4
5
c
o
s
π
5
+
4
5
i
s
i
n
π
5
−
2
4
5
c
o
s
−
π
5
−
2
4
5
i
s
i
n
−
π
5
=
4
5
c
o
s
π
5
+
4
5
i
s
i
n
π
5
−
2
4
5
c
o
s
π
5
+
2
4
5
i
s
i
n
π
5
=
−
4
5
c
o
s
π
5
+
3
4
5
i
s
i
n
π
5
x_2=a-\frac{2}{a} = a-2a^{-1}=\sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5} - 2 \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{-\pi}{5} -2\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{-\pi}{5} \\ = \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5} - 2 \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +2\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5} =- \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +3\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5}
x2=a−a2=a−2a−1=54cos5π+54isin5π−254cos5−π−254isin5−π=54cos5π+54isin5π−254cos5π+254isin5π=−54cos5π+354isin5π
解出另外3个复数根
⇔
{
x
1
=
8
5
−
2
8
5
x
2
=
−
4
5
c
o
s
π
5
+
3
4
5
i
s
i
n
π
5
x
3
=
−
4
5
c
o
s
11
π
5
+
3
4
5
i
s
i
n
11
π
5
x
4
=
−
4
5
c
o
s
21
π
5
+
3
4
5
i
s
i
n
21
π
5
x
5
=
−
4
5
c
o
s
31
π
5
+
3
4
5
i
s
i
n
31
π
5
\lrArr \begin{cases} x_1=\sqrt[5]8 -\frac{2}{\sqrt[5]8} \\ x_2=- \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{\pi}{5} +3\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{\pi}{5} \\ x_3=- \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{11\pi}{5} +3\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{11\pi}{5}\\ x_4=- \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{21\pi}{5} +3\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{21\pi}{5}\\ x_5=- \sqrt[5]{4} cos\frac{31\pi}{5} +3\sqrt[5]{4} i sin\frac{31\pi}{5} \end{cases}
⇔⎩
⎨
⎧x1=58−582x2=−54cos5π+354isin5πx3=−54cos511π+354isin511πx4=−54cos521π+354isin521πx5=−54cos531π+354isin531π
如果你不知道复数根是什么，你可以百度
三、神之 x = a − 2 / a x=a-2/a x=a−2/a 的由来
1. 换元
设
x
=
a
+
b
x=a+b
x=a+b
(
a
+
b
)
5
+
10
(
a
+
b
)
3
+
20
(
a
+
b
)
−
4
=
0
(a+b)^5 + 10(a+b)^3+20(a+b)-4=0
(a+b)5+10(a+b)3+20(a+b)−4=0
根据二项式定理
( a + b ) n = ( n 0 ) a n b 0 + ( n 1 ) a n − 1 b 1 + ( n 2 ) a n − 2 b 2 + ⋯ + ( n n ) a 0 b n (a+b)^n=\begin{pmatrix} n \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}a^nb^0+\begin{pmatrix} n \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} a^{n-1}b^1+\begin{pmatrix} n \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} a^{n-2}b^2+\dots+\begin{pmatrix} n \\ n \end{pmatrix} a^0b^n (a+b)n=(n0)anb0+(n1)an−1b1+(n2)an−2b2+⋯+(nn)a0bn
其中 ( n k ) \begin{pmatrix} n \\ k \end{pmatrix} (nk)是组合数，表示从 n n n个元素中选择 k k k个元素的不同方式数。
组合数的计算公式为 ( n k ) = n ! k ! ( n − k ) ! \begin{pmatrix} n \\ k \end{pmatrix}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} (nk)=k!(n−k)!n!,其中 n ！ n！ n！表示阶乘。
而 n ! n! n!表示 n n n的阶乘，即 n × ( n − 1 ) × ⋯ × 2 × 1 n\times(n-1)\times\dots\times2\times1 n×(n−1)×⋯×2×1。
分别展开每一项
{
(
a
+
b
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
a
4
b
+
10
a
3
b
2
+
10
a
2
b
3
+
5
a
b
4
+
b
5
10
(
a
+
b
)
3
=
10
a
3
+
30
a
2
b
+
30
a
b
2
+
10
b
3
20
(
a
+
b
)
=
20
a
+
20
b
\begin{cases} (a+b)^5 = a^5+5a^4b+10a^3b^2+10a^2b^3+5ab^4+b^5 \\ 10(a+b)^3=10a^3+30a^2b+30ab^2+10b^3 \\ 20(a+b)=20a+20b \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧(a+b)5=a5+5a4b+10a3b2+10a2b3+5ab4+b510(a+b)3=10a3+30a2b+30ab2+10b320(a+b)=20a+20b
我们注意到
(
a
+
b
)
5
(a+b)^5
(a+b)5展开之后出现了四次项，
(
a
+
b
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
a
4
b
+
10
a
3
b
2
+
10
a
2
b
3
+
5
a
b
4
+
b
5
(a+b)^{5}= a^{5}+\boxed{5a^{4}b}+10a^{3}b^2+10a^{2}b^{3}+\boxed{5ab^{4}}+b^{5}
(a+b)5=a5+5a4b+10a3b2+10a2b3+5ab4+b5
而原方程没有四次项
x
5
+
10
x
3
+
20
x
−
4
=
0
\boxed{x^5 + 10x^3+20x-4=0}
x5+10x3+20x−4=0
因此我们要想办法消除四次项，
(
a
+
b
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
a
4
b
+
10
a
3
b
2
+
10
a
2
b
3
+
5
a
b
4
+
b
5
(a+b)^{5}= a^{5}+\boxed{\xcancel{5a^{4}b}}+10a^{3}b^2+10a^{2}b^{3}+\boxed{\xcancel{5ab^{4}}}+b^{5}
(a+b)5=a5+5a4b
+10a3b2+10a2b3+5ab4
+b5
自然而然就容易想到令：
b
=
a
的倒数
b=a的倒数
b=a的倒数
2.求待定系数
我们不妨令
b
=
n
a
b=\frac{n}{a}
b=an,其中
n
n
n是待定系数，
{
(
a
+
n
a
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
a
4
n
a
+
10
a
3
(
n
a
)
2
+
10
a
2
(
n
a
)
3
+
5
a
(
n
a
)
4
+
(
n
a
)
5
10
(
a
+
n
a
)
3
=
10
a
3
+
30
a
2
n
a
+
30
a
(
n
a
)
2
+
10
(
n
a
)
3
20
(
a
+
n
a
)
=
20
a
+
20
n
a
\begin{cases} (a+\frac{n}{a})^5 = a^5+\boxed{5a^4\frac{n}{a}}+10a^3(\frac{n}{a})^2+10a^2(\frac{n}{a})^3+\boxed{5a(\frac{n}{a})^4}+(\frac{n}{a})^5 \\ 10(a+\frac{n}{a})^3=10a^3+30a^2\frac{n}{a}+30a(\frac{n}{a})^2+10(\frac{n}{a})^3 \\ 20(a+\frac{n}{a})=20a+20\frac{n}{a} \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧(a+an)5=a5+5a4an+10a3(an)2+10a2(an)3+5a(an)4+(an)510(a+an)3=10a3+30a2an+30a(an)2+10(an)320(a+an)=20a+20an
那么原来的四此项就变成了三次项
{
(
a
+
n
a
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
n
a
3
+
10
n
2
a
+
10
n
3
a
+
5
n
4
a
3
+
n
5
a
5
10
(
a
+
n
a
)
3
=
10
a
3
+
30
n
a
+
30
(
n
2
a
)
+
10
n
3
a
3
20
(
a
+
n
a
)
=
20
a
+
20
n
a
\begin{cases} (a+\frac{n}{a})^5 = a^5+\boxed{5na^3}+10n^2a+10\frac{n^3}{a}+\boxed{5\frac{n^4}{a^3}}+\frac{n^5}{a^5} \\ 10(a+\frac{n}{a})^3=10a^3+30na+30(\frac{n^2}{a})+10\frac{n^3}{a^3} \\ 20(a+\frac{n}{a})=20a+20\frac{n}{a} \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧(a+an)5=a5+5na3+10n2a+10an3+5a3n4+a5n510(a+an)3=10a3+30na+30(an2)+10a3n320(a+an)=20a+20an
二次项就变成了一次项
{
(
a
+
n
a
)
5
=
a
5
+
5
n
a
3
+
10
n
2
a
+
10
n
3
a
+
5
n
4
a
3
+
n
5
a
5
10
(
a
+
n
a
)
3
=
10
a
3
+
30
n
a
+
30
(
n
2
a
)
+
10
n
3
a
3
20
(
a
+
n
a
)
=
20
a
+
20
n
a
\begin{cases} (a+\frac{n}{a})^5 = a^5+5na^3+\boxed{10n^2a}+10\frac{n^3}{a}+5\frac{n^4}{a^3}+\frac{n^5}{a^5} \\ 10(a+\frac{n}{a})^3=10a^3+\boxed{30na}+30(\frac{n^2}{a})+10\frac{n^3}{a^3} \\ 20(a+\frac{n}{a})=20a+20\frac{n}{a} \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧(a+an)5=a5+5na3+10n2a+10an3+5a3n4+a5n510(a+an)3=10a3+30na+30(an2)+10a3n320(a+an)=20a+20an
以此类推，为了求出待定系数
n
n
n,我们合并方程中的同类项。
a
5
+
(
5
n
+
10
)
a
3
+
(
10
n
2
+
30
n
+
20
)
a
+
(
10
n
3
+
30
n
2
+
20
n
)
1
a
+
(
5
n
4
+
10
n
3
)
1
a
3
+
n
5
a
5
−
4
=
0
a^5+(5n+10)a^3+(10n^2+30n+20)a+(10n^3+30n^2+20n)\frac{1}{a}+(5n^4+10n^3)\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{n^5}{a^5}-4=0
a5+(5n+10)a3+(10n2+30n+20)a+(10n3+30n2+20n)a1+(5n4+10n3)a31+a5n5−4=0
3.因式分解
a
5
+
5
(
n
+
2
)
a
3
+
10
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
a
+
10
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
1
a
+
5
n
3
(
n
+
2
)
1
a
3
+
n
5
a
5
−
4
=
0
a^5+5(n+2)a^3+10(n+1)(n+2)a+10n(n+1)(n+2)\frac{1}{a}+5n^3(n+2)\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{n^5}{a^5}-4=0
a5+5(n+2)a3+10(n+1)(n+2)a+10n(n+1)(n+2)a1+5n3(n+2)a31+a5n5−4=0
除了五次项和常数项之外，三次项和一次项都包含因子
n
+
2
n+2
n+2
a
5
+
5
(
n
+
2
)
a
3
+
10
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
a
+
10
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
1
a
+
5
n
3
(
n
+
2
)
1
a
3
+
n
5
a
5
−
4
=
0
a^5+\boxed{5(n+2)a^3}+\boxed{10(n+1)(n+2)a}+\boxed{10n(n+1)(n+2)\frac{1}{a}}+\boxed{5n^3(n+2)\frac{1}{a^3}}+\frac{n^5}{a^5}-4=0
a5+5(n+2)a3+10(n+1)(n+2)a+10n(n+1)(n+2)a1+5n3(n+2)a31+a5n5−4=0
那么我们只要令
n
+
2
=
0
n+2=0
n+2=0就能够把这些项都消除掉！从而解得待定系数：
n
=
−
2
n=-2
n=−2这就是神之假设
x
=
a
−
2
a
x=a-\frac{2}{a}
x=a−a2的由来。
总结来说，遇到此类可解奇数项方程的时候，我们都可以用上述换元法与待定系数法来化简原方程，进而解出方程的根。
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