linux哲学思想:
1.没有消息就是好消息(执行命令后系统没有提示则说明命令执行成功)
2.linux系统里一些皆文件
1.ls------查看当前文件夹下有哪些文件和文件夹
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -l /home 查看/home目录下的文件的详细信息
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 2月 16 14:48 changsha
drwx------. 2 chenli chenli 83 2月 15 15:40 chenli
drwx------. 2 lizx lizx 62 2月 16 14:44 lizx
drwx------. 2 zhou zhou 83 2月 16 10:17 zhou
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 2月 16 14:53 zhulongrui
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls /home 查看/home文件夹里的内容,跟你当前在那个工作目录没有关系
changsha chenli lizx zhou zhulongrui
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls 查看当前工作目录里的内容
anaconda-ks.cfg xiang xiao ye yigelin zhou
[root@sanchuang ~]#
ls -l /home
ls 命令
-l 选项: 可供选择的项目,可接可不接,接了有特殊的效果,不同的选项有不同的作用,可以同时使用
长选项: --all
短选项: -a
选项的作用其实本质上就是给命令传递参数,告诉命令执行达到什么特殊的效果
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -l -a
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -a -l
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -la
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -al
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls -a 查看所有文件,包括隐藏文件
. anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc .lesshst xiang ye zhou
.. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc .tcshrc xiao yigelin
[root@sanchuang ~]# ls --all
. anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc .lesshst xiang ye zhou
.. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc .tcshrc xiao yigelin
2.cd ------进入文件夹
cd .. 返回上一级文件夹
cd - 返回到上一次所在的目录
[root@localhost ~]# cd 517
[root@localhost ~]# cd .. 返回上一级文件夹
.. 代表上一级文件夹
[root@localhost ~]# cd - 返回到上一次所在的目录
3.mkdir------创建新的文件夹
[root@localhost 517]# mkdir beijin
[root@localhost 517]# cd beijin
[root@localhost beijin]#
4.hostname------查看主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
5.hostnamectl------修改主机名字
例:修改主机名为beijin
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname beijin
[root@localhost ~]# hostname
beijin
6.ip add------查看ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# ip add
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:7f:c0:53 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.23.136/24 brd 192.168.23.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1634sec preferred_lft 1634sec
inet6 fe80::c332:8f6e:30d4:5deb/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:41:7f:83 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:41:7f:83 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
7.useradd------添加用户
例:添加一个beijin的用户
[root@localhost ~]# useradd beijin
8.passwd ------ 给用户设置密码
[root@localhost ~]# passwd
更改用户 root 的密码 。
新的 密码:
无效的密码: 密码少于 8 个字符
重新输入新的 密码:
passwd:所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。
[root@localhost ~]#
9.su------切换用户
[root@localhost ~]# su - beijin
[beijin@localhost ~]$
10.exit------退出当前用户
[beijin@localhost ~]$ exit
登出
[root@localhost ~]#
11.pwd------查看当前所在的路径
[root@localhost ~]# pwd
/root
12.rm------删除文件夹的命令
[root@localhost ~]# cd /
[root@localhost /]# ls
08.表单.html boot dev hunantv lib media proc sbin srv usr
backup chi etc jindafu lib64 mnt root sc.txt sys var
bin china_voice home lianxi lurendong opt run sc.txt.html tmp wuxia
[root@localhost /]# rm -rf 08.表单.html
[root@localhost /]# ls
backup chi etc jindafu lib64 mnt root sc.txt sys var
bin china_voice home lianxi lurendong opt run sc.txt.html tmp wuxia
boot dev hunantv lib media proc sbin srv usr
[root@localhost /]#
13.date------查看当前时间
[root@localhost sc]# date 查看当前的时间
2023年 02月 16日 星期四 10:33:31 CST
[root@localhost sc]# shutdown -h 60 系统将会在60分钟后关机
Shutdown scheduled for 四 2023-02-16 11:33:49 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[root@localhost sc]# shutdown -c 取消关机任务
14.tree------查看当前文件夹里面的目录结构
[root@localhost china_voice]# yum install tree -y 安装tree命令
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
* epel: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
软件包 tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理
[root@localhost china_voice]# tree 查看当前文件夹里面的目录结构
.
├── hunantv
│ ├── dushi
│ ├── jingshi
│ └── weishi
├── jiangsutv
│ └── feichengwurao
└── zhejiangtv
└── running_man
8 directories, 0 files
[root@localhost china_voice]#
15.cp------复制文件和文件夹的命令
-- copy files and directories
[root@sanchuang taishan]# cp /etc/hostname .
源文件 目的地
[root@sanchuang taishan]# ls
hostname taian taian2
[root@sanchuang taishan]#
[root@sanchuang zhongguo]# cp -r shandong hunan
-r 递归复制 ---》复制文件夹的时候使用
-R, -r, --recursive
copy directories recursively
[root@sanchuang zhongguo]# cp shaxi hunan -r
小练习:
1.进入根目录,新建一个文件夹sc
[root@localhost ~]# cd /
[root@localhost /]# mkdir sc
2.进入sc文件夹,新建3个文件夹hunan hubei guangdong
[root@localhost /]# cd sc
[root@localhost sc]# mkdir hunan hubei guangdong
3.在hunan里新建sc hubei里新建wuhan guangdong里新建guangzhou
[root@localhost sc]# cd hunan
[root@localhost hunan]# mkdir changsha
[root@localhost hunan]# cd ..
[root@localhost sc]# cd hubei
[root@localhost hubei]# mkdir wuhan
[root@localhost hubei]# cd ..
[root@localhost sc]# cd guangdong
[root@localhost guangdong]# mkdir guangzhou
[root@localhost guangdong]# cd ..
4.返回到sc文件夹里
[root@localhost guangdong]# cd ..
5.使用tree命令查看目录结构
[root@localhost sc]# tree
.
├── guangdong
│ └── guangzhou
├── hubei
│ └── wuhan
└── hunan
└── changsha
6 directories, 0 files
6.新建用户zhou,设置密码为123456
[root@localhost sc]# useradd zhou
[root@localhost sc]# passwd zhou
更改用户 root 的密码 。
新的 密码:
无效的密码: 密码少于 8 个字符
重新输入新的 密码:
passwd:所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。
7.使用su命令登录zhou用户
[root@localhost sc]# su - zhou
8.查看当前所在的文件夹路径
[zhou@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/zhou
9.退出zhou用户
[zhou@localhost ~]$ exit
登出
10.查看主机名
[root@localhost sc]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
11.修改主机名为changsha
[root@localhost sc]# hostnamectl set-hostname changsha
12.查看ip地址
[root@localhost sc]# ip add
练习2:
1.在根目录下新建一个目录china_voice
[root@localhost /]# mkdir china_voice
2.在china_voice目录下新建hunantv、jiangsutv、zhejiangtv
[root@localhost china_voice]# mkdir hunantv jiangsutv zhejiangtv
3.hunantv下有weishi、jingshi、dushi
[root@localhost china_voice]# cd hunantv
[root@localhost hunantv]# mkdir weishi jingshi dushi
[root@localhost china_voice]# mkdir hunantv/{weishi,jingshi,dushi}
4.jiangsutv下有feichengwurao
[root@localhost jiangsutv]# mkdir feichengwurao
5.zhejiangtv下有running_man
[root@localhost jiangsutv]# cd ../zhejiangtv
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]# mkdir running_man
6.显示china_voice目录的结构
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]# tree /china_voice
/china_voice
├── hunantv
│ ├── dushi
│ ├── jingshi
│ └── weishi
├── jiangsutv
│ └── feichengwurao
└── zhejiangtv
└── running_man
7.显示hunantv目录下的文件的详细信息
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]# cd /china_voice/hunantv
[root@localhost hunantv]# ls -l
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 2月 24 19:28 dushi
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 2月 24 19:28 jingshi
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 2月 24 19:28 weishi
[root@localhost hunantv]#
8.查看/var目录的大小
[root@localhost hunantv]# cd /var
[root@localhost var]# du -sh .
268M .
9.查看/boot目录的大小
[root@localhost var]# cd /boot
[root@localhost boot]# du -sh .
118M .
10.使用绝对路径进入zhejiangtv
[root@localhost boot]# cd /china_voice/zhejiangtv
11.使用相对路径进入jingshi目录
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]# cd ../hunantv/jingshi
[root@localhost jingshi]#
12.返回到zhejiangtv目录
[root@localhost jingshi]# cd -
/china_voice/zhejiangtv
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]#
练习3:
1.在根目录下新建目录wuxia
[root@localhost zhejiangtv]# mkdir /wuxia
2.然后在wuxia目录下新建tianshan、hengshan、taishan、songshan
[root@localhost wuxia]# mkdir tianshan hengshan taishan songshan
3.在tianshan目录下新建空文件qijian,在hengshan目录下新建空文件yilin,在taishan目录下新建xiaodeng
[root@localhost wuxia]# mkdir tianshan/qijian hengshan/yilin taishan/xiaodeng
4.复制/etc/hosts到songshan目录下,复制hengshan目录到songshan目录下
[root@localhost wuxia]# cp /etc/hosts hengshan songshan -r
5.查看taishan的文件类型,再查看taishan目录的大小
[root@localhost wuxia]# file taishan
taishan: directory
[root@localhost wuxia]# du -sh taishan
0 taishan
[root@localhost wuxia]#
6.删除tianshan目录,然后复制songshan目录到taishan目录下叫shaolin
[root@localhost wuxia]# rm -rf tianshan
[root@localhost wuxia]# cp songshan taishan/shaolin -r
练习4:
1.在根目录下新建文件夹jindafu
[root@localhost /]# mkdir jindafu
2.将/etc/hosts文件复制到jindafu
[root@localhost /]# cp /etc/hosts jindafu
3.将/boot目录复制到jindafu
[root@localhost /]# cp /boot jindafu -r
4.将/etc/passwd文件复制到jindafu下的boot目录里
[root@localhost jindafu]# cp /etc/passwd boot/ -r
5.在jindafu目录里新建liufu目录,然后将jindafu目录下的boot目录复制到liufu目录下
[root@localhost jindafu]# mkdir liufu
[root@localhost jindafu]# cp boot linfu -r
6.删除liufu目录
[root@localhost jindafu]# rm -rf linfu
7.复制/etc/hosts文件到jindafu,不给予覆盖提醒?
root@localhost /]# /usr/bin/cp /etc/hosts jindafu
8.将/etc/hosts文件复制到jindafu目录下叫huojianhua
[root@localhost /]# cp /etc/hosts jindafu/huojianhua
9.将/home/目录下的所有文件和文件夹复制到/jindafu目录下
[root@localhost /]# cp /home/* jindafu -r 要加上通配符*
练习5:
1.在根目录下新建hunantv目录
[root@localhost /]# mkdir hunantv
2.然后在hunantv目录里新建hejiong、wanghan、xiena、haiquan
[root@localhost hunantv]# mkdir hejiong wanghan xiena haiquan
3.在haiquan目录下新建singer目录,singer目录下,新建yangzongwei、qiqin、linzhixuan空文件
[root@localhost hunantv]# mkdir haiquan/singer
[root@localhost hunantv]# cd haiquan/singer
[root@localhost singer]# touch yangzongwei qiqin linzhixuan
4.将/etc/passwd文件复制到wanghan目录下
[root@localhost hunantv]# cp /etc/passwd wanghan -r
5.将xiena目录改名为xienana
[root@localhost hunantv]# mv xiena xienana
6.复制xienana目录到haiquan目录下
[root@localhost hunantv]# cp xienana haiquan -r
按住tab键有补齐的作用
文件夹补齐会有/
7.将singer目录下的所有文件复制到hejiong目录下
[root@localhost hunantv]# cp haiquan/singer /* hejiong -r
8.将yangzongwei空文件复制到wanghan目录下改名为taiwan-zongwei
[root@localhost hunantv]# cp haiquan/singer/yangzongwei wanghan/taiwan-zongwei -r
9.移动hejiong目录到haiquan目录下
[root@localhost hunantv]# mv hejiong haiquan
10.删除所有的xienana目录
[root@localhost hunantv]# rm -rf xienana
11.查看hunantv的目录结构,查看hunantv的文件类型
[root@localhost hunantv]# tree
.
├── haiquan
│ ├── hejiong
│ │ └── singer
│ │ ├── linzhixuan
│ │ ├── qiqin
│ │ └── yangzongwei
│ ├── singer
│ │ ├── linzhixuan
│ │ ├── qiqin
│ │ └── yangzongwei
│ └── xienana
└── wanghan
├── passwd
└── taiwan-zongwei
[root@localhost /]# file hunantv
hunantv: directory
小练习2: