读入优化（fread 与 getchar）

getchar读入优化

inline int getint()
{
	char ch;
	int p=0,t;
	for(ch=getchar();ch!='-' && !isdigit(ch);ch=getchar());
	if(ch=='-'){
		t=-1;
	}
	else{
		t=1;
	}
	for(;!isdigit(ch);ch=getchar());
	for(;isdigit(ch);ch=getchar()){
		p=p*10+ch-48;
	}
	return t*p;
}

fread读入优化

char buf[MAXSIZE];int bufpos;

void init(){
	#ifdef LOCAL
		freopen("in.in","r",stdin);
	#endif
	buf[fread(buf,1,MAXSIZE,stdin)]='\0';
	bufpos=0;
}

inline int readint(){
	bool isneg;
	int val=0;
	for(;!isdigit(buf[bufpos]) && buf[bufpos]!='-';bufpos++);
	bufpos+=(isneg=buf[bufpos]=='-');
	for(;isdigit(buf[bufpos]);bufpos++)
		val=val*10+buf[bufpos]-'0';
	return isneg?-val:val;
}

MAXSIZE尽量大，如50000007

实测fread速度远快于getchar

看到一个很好的写法
缓冲区满了之后重新fread
空间较小，而且因为避免了 $CatchMiss$ 时间也变快了

inline char read() {
	static const int IN_LEN = 1000000;
	static char buf[IN_LEN], *s, *t;
	return (s==t?t=(s=buf)+fread(buf,1,IN_LEN,stdin),(s==t?-1:*s++):*s++);
}

template<class T>
inline void read(T &x) {
	static bool iosig;
	static char c;
	for (iosig=false, c=read(); !isdigit(c); c=read()) {
		if (c == '-') iosig=true;
		if (c == -1) return;
	}
	for (x=0; isdigit(c); c=read()) x=((x+(x<<2))<<1)+(c^'0');
	if (iosig) x=-x;
}

const int OUT_LEN = 10000000;
char obuf[OUT_LEN], *ooh = obuf;

inline void print(char c) {
	if (ooh == obuf + OUT_LEN) fwrite(obuf, 1, OUT_LEN, stdout), ooh = obuf;
	*ooh++ = c;
}

template<class T>
inline void print(T x) {
	static int buf[30], cnt;
	if (x == 0) print('0');
	else {
		if (x < 0) print('-'), x = -x;
		for (cnt = 0; x; x /= 10) buf[++cnt] = x % 10 + 48;
		while (cnt) print((char)buf[cnt--]);
	}
}

inline void flush() { fwrite(obuf, 1, ooh - obuf, stdout); }

结束后调用 $flush$ 刷新缓冲区