opencv第九章

直方图的意义：图像中像素强度分布的图形表达方式，它统计了每一个强度值所具有的像素个数

H-S二维直方图
#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
using namespace cv;
int main( ){//画色调与饱和度的直方图
	//【1】载入源图，转化为HSV颜色模型
	Mat srcImage, hsvImage;
	srcImage=imread("1.jpg");
	cvtColor(srcImage,hsvImage, COLOR_BGR2HSV);
	//【2】参数准备
	//将色调量化为30个等级，将饱和度量化为32个等级
	int hueBinNum = 30;//色调的直方图直条数量
	int saturationBinNum = 32;//饱和度的直方图直条数量
	int histSize[ ] = {hueBinNum, saturationBinNum};
	// 定义色调的变化范围为0到179
	float hueRanges[] = { 0, 180 };
	//定义饱和度的变化范围为0（黑、白、灰）到255（纯光谱颜色）
	float saturationRanges[] = { 0, 256 };
	const float* ranges[] = { hueRanges, saturationRanges };
	MatND dstHist;
	//参数准备，calcHist函数中将计算第0通道和第1通道的直方图
	int channels[] = {0, 1};
	//【3】正式调用calcHist，进行直方图计算
	calcHist( &hsvImage,//输入的数组
		1, //数组个数为1
		channels,//通道索引
		Mat(), //不使用掩膜
		dstHist, //输出的目标直方图
		2, //需要计算的直方图的维度为2
		histSize, //存放每个维度的直方图尺寸的数组
		ranges,//每一维数值的取值范围数组
		true, // 指示直方图是否均匀的标识符，true表示均匀的直方图
		false );//累计标识符，false表示直方图在配置阶段会被清零
	//【4】为绘制直方图准备参数
	double maxValue=0;//最大值
	minMaxLoc(dstHist, 0, &maxValue, 0, 0);//查找数组和子数组的全局最小值和最大值存入maxValue中
	int scale = 10;
	Mat histImg = Mat::zeros(saturationBinNum*scale, hueBinNum*10, CV_8UC3);
	//【5】双层循环，进行直方图绘制
	for( int hue = 0; hue < hueBinNum; hue++ )
		for( int saturation = 0; saturation < saturationBinNum; saturation++ ){
			float binValue = dstHist.at<float>(hue, saturation);//直方图组距的值
			int intensity = cvRound(binValue*255/maxValue);//强度
			//正式进行绘制，就是画矩形
			rectangle( histImg, Point(hue*scale, saturation*scale),
				Point( (hue+1)*scale - 1, (saturation+1)*scale - 1),
				Scalar::all(intensity),FILLED );
		}
		//【6】显示效果图
		imshow( "素材图", srcImage );
		imshow( "H-S 直方图", histImg );
		waitKey();
}

灰度一维直方图
#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main(){
	//【1】载入原图并显示
	Mat srcImage = imread("1.jpg", 0);
	imshow("原图",srcImage);
	if(!srcImage.data) {cout << "fail to load image" << endl; 	return 0;}
	//【2】定义变量
	MatND dstHist;       // 在cv中用CvHistogram *hist = cvCreateHist
	int dims = 1;
	float hranges[] = {0, 255};
	const float *ranges[] = {hranges};   // 这里需要为const类型
	int size = 256;
	int channels = 0;
	//【3】计算图像的直方图
	calcHist(&srcImage, 1, &channels, Mat(), dstHist, dims, &size, ranges);    // cv 中是cvCalcHist
	int scale = 1;
	Mat dstImage(size * scale, size, CV_8U, Scalar(0));
	//【4】获取最大值和最小值
	double minValue = 0;
	double maxValue = 0;
	minMaxLoc(dstHist,&minValue, &maxValue, 0, 0);  //  在cv中用的是cvGetMinMaxHistValue
	//【5】绘制出直方图
	int hpt = saturate_cast<int>(0.9 * size);
	for(int i = 0; i < 256; i++){
		float binValue = dstHist.at<float>(i);           //   注意hist中是float类型    而在OpenCV1.0版中用cvQueryHistValue_1D
		int realValue = saturate_cast<int>(binValue * hpt/maxValue);
		rectangle(dstImage,Point(i*scale, size - 1), Point((i+1)*scale - 1, size - realValue), Scalar(255));
	}
	imshow("一维直方图", dstImage);
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}

RGB三色直方图
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp>
using namespace cv;
int main(  ){
	//【1】载入素材图并显示
	Mat srcImage;
	srcImage=imread("1.jpg");
	imshow( "素材图", srcImage );
	//【2】参数准备
	int bins = 256;
	int hist_size[] = {bins};
	float range[] = { 0, 256 };
	const float* ranges[] = { range};
	MatND redHist,grayHist,blueHist;
	int channels_r[] = {0};
	//【3】进行直方图的计算（红色分量部分）
	calcHist( &srcImage, 1, channels_r, Mat(), //不使用掩膜
		redHist, 1, hist_size, ranges,
		true, false );
	//【4】进行直方图的计算（绿色分量部分）
	int channels_g[] = {1};
	calcHist( &srcImage, 1, channels_g, Mat(), // do not use mask
		grayHist, 1, hist_size, ranges,
		true, // the histogram is uniform
		false );
	//【5】进行直方图的计算（蓝色分量部分）
	int channels_b[] = {2};
	calcHist( &srcImage, 1, channels_b, Mat(), // do not use mask
		blueHist, 1, hist_size, ranges,
		true, // the histogram is uniform
		false );
	//-----------------------绘制出三色直方图------------------------
	//参数准备
	double maxValue_red,maxValue_green,maxValue_blue;
	minMaxLoc(redHist, 0, &maxValue_red, 0, 0);
	minMaxLoc(grayHist, 0, &maxValue_green, 0, 0);
	minMaxLoc(blueHist, 0, &maxValue_blue, 0, 0);
	int scale = 1;
	int histHeight=256;
	Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(histHeight,bins*3, CV_8UC3);
	//正式开始绘制
	for(int i=0;i<bins;i++){
		//参数准备
		float binValue_red = redHist.at<float>(i);
		float binValue_green = grayHist.at<float>(i);
		float binValue_blue = blueHist.at<float>(i);
		int intensity_red = cvRound(binValue_red*histHeight/maxValue_red);  //要绘制的高度
		int intensity_green = cvRound(binValue_green*histHeight/maxValue_green);  //要绘制的高度
		int intensity_blue = cvRound(binValue_blue*histHeight/maxValue_blue);  //要绘制的高度
		//绘制红色分量的直方图
		rectangle(histImage,Point(i*scale,histHeight-1),
			Point((i+1)*scale - 1, histHeight - intensity_red),
			Scalar(255,0,0));
		//绘制绿色分量的直方图
		rectangle(histImage,Point((i+bins)*scale,histHeight-1),
			Point((i+bins+1)*scale - 1, histHeight - intensity_green),
			Scalar(0,255,0));
		//绘制蓝色分量的直方图
		rectangle(histImage,Point((i+bins*2)*scale,histHeight-1),
			Point((i+bins*2+1)*scale - 1, histHeight - intensity_blue),
			Scalar(0,0,255));
	}
	//在窗口中显示出绘制好的直方图
	imshow( "图像的RGB直方图", histImage );
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}

#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
using namespace cv;
int main( ){
	//【1】声明储存基准图像和另外两张对比图像的矩阵( RGB 和 HSV )
	Mat srcImage_base, hsvImage_base;
	Mat srcImage_test1, hsvImage_test1;
	Mat srcImage_test2, hsvImage_test2;
	Mat hsvImage_halfDown;
	//【2】载入基准图像(srcImage_base) 和两张测试图像srcImage_test1、srcImage_test2，并显示
	srcImage_base = imread( "1.jpg",1 );
	srcImage_test1 = imread( "2.jpg", 1 );
	srcImage_test2 = imread( "3.jpg", 1 );
	//显示载入的3张图像
	imshow("基准图像",srcImage_base);
	imshow("测试图像1",srcImage_test1);
	imshow("测试图像2",srcImage_test2);
	// 【3】将图像由BGR色彩空间转换到 HSV色彩空间
	cvtColor( srcImage_base, hsvImage_base,  COLOR_BGR2HSV );
	cvtColor( srcImage_test1, hsvImage_test1, COLOR_BGR2HSV );
	cvtColor( srcImage_test2, hsvImage_test2, COLOR_BGR2HSV );
	//【4】创建包含基准图像下半部的半身图像(HSV格式)
	hsvImage_halfDown = hsvImage_base( Range( hsvImage_base.rows/2, hsvImage_base.rows - 1 ), Range( 0, hsvImage_base.cols - 1 ) );
	//【5】初始化计算直方图需要的实参
	// 对hue通道使用30个bin,对saturatoin通道使用32个bin
	int h_bins = 50; int s_bins = 60;
	int histSize[] = { h_bins, s_bins };
	// hue的取值范围从0到256, saturation取值范围从0到180
	float h_ranges[] = { 0, 256 };
	float s_ranges[] = { 0, 180 };
	const float* ranges[] = { h_ranges, s_ranges };
	// 使用第0和第1通道
	int channels[] = { 0, 1 };
	// 【6】创建储存直方图的 MatND 类的实例:
	MatND baseHist;
	MatND halfDownHist;
	MatND testHist1;
	MatND testHist2;
	// 【7】计算基准图像，两张测试图像，半身基准图像的HSV直方图:
	calcHist( &hsvImage_base, 1, channels, Mat(), baseHist, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false );
	normalize( baseHist, baseHist, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	calcHist( &hsvImage_halfDown, 1, channels, Mat(), halfDownHist, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false );
	normalize( halfDownHist, halfDownHist, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	calcHist( &hsvImage_test1, 1, channels, Mat(), testHist1, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false );
	normalize( testHist1, testHist1, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	calcHist( &hsvImage_test2, 1, channels, Mat(), testHist2, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false );
	normalize( testHist2, testHist2, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	//【8】按顺序使用4种对比标准将基准图像的直方图与其余各直方图进行对比:
	for( int i = 0; i < 4; i++ ){
		//进行图像直方图的对比
		int compare_method = i;
		double base_base = compareHist( baseHist, baseHist, compare_method );
		double base_half = compareHist( baseHist, halfDownHist, compare_method );
		double base_test1 = compareHist( baseHist, testHist1, compare_method );
		double base_test2 = compareHist( baseHist, testHist2, compare_method );
		//输出结果
		printf( " 方法 [%d] 的匹配结果如下：\n\n 【基准图 - 基准图】：%f, 【基准图 - 半身图】：%f,【基准图 - 测试图1】： %f, 【基准图 - 测试图2】：%f \n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n", i, base_base, base_half , base_test1, base_test2 );
	}
	printf( "检测结束。" );
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}

简单来说，就是先对原图画直方图（信息有分段缩减），然后直方图又归一化(0~255)，此时再对原图上每一个点找到在直方图中对应的位置用对应值来填充，得到的图就叫做反向投影

#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
using namespace cv;
#define WINDOW_NAME1 "【原始图】"        //为窗口标题定义的宏
Mat g_srcImage; Mat g_hsvImage; Mat g_hueImage;
int g_bins = 30;//直方图组距
static void ShowHelpText();
void on_BinChange(int, void* );
int main( ){
	//【1】读取源图像，并转换到 HSV 空间
	g_srcImage = imread( "1.jpg", 1 );
	if(!g_srcImage.data ) { printf("读取图片错误，请确定目录下是否有imread函数指定图片存在~！ \n"); return false; }
	cvtColor( g_srcImage, g_hsvImage, COLOR_BGR2HSV );
	//【2】分离 Hue 色调通道
	g_hueImage.create( g_hsvImage.size(), g_hsvImage.depth() );
	int ch[ ] = { 0, 0 };
	mixChannels( &g_hsvImage, 1, &g_hueImage, 1, ch, 1 );
	//【3】创建 Trackbar 来输入bin的数目
	namedWindow( WINDOW_NAME1 , WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
	createTrackbar("色调组距 ", WINDOW_NAME1 , &g_bins, 180, on_BinChange );
	on_BinChange(0, 0);//进行一次初始化
	//【4】显示效果图
	imshow( WINDOW_NAME1 , g_srcImage );
	// 等待用户按键
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}
void on_BinChange(int, void* ){
	//【1】参数准备
	MatND hist;
	int histSize = MAX( g_bins, 2 );
	float hue_range[] = { 0, 180 };
	const float* ranges = { hue_range };
	//【2】计算直方图并归一化
	calcHist( &g_hueImage, 1, 0, Mat(), hist, 1, &histSize, &ranges, true, false );
	normalize( hist, hist, 0, 255, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	//【3】计算反向投影！！全文关键
	MatND backproj;
	calcBackProject( &g_hueImage, 1, 0, hist, backproj, &ranges, 1, true );
	//输入的数组，输入数组个数，需统计通道索引，输入的直方图，目标反向投影阵列，每一维数值范围，投影缩放因子，均匀直方图
	//【4】显示反向投影
	imshow( "反向投影图", backproj );
	//【5】绘制直方图的参数准备
	int w = 400; int h = 400;
	int bin_w = cvRound( (double) w / histSize );
	Mat histImg = Mat::zeros( w, h, CV_8UC3 );
	//【6】绘制直方图
	for( int i = 0; i < g_bins; i ++ )
	{ rectangle( histImg, Point( i*bin_w, h ), Point( (i+1)*bin_w, h - cvRound( hist.at<float>(i)*h/255.0 ) ), Scalar( 100, 123, 255 ), -1 ); }
	//【7】显示直方图窗口
	imshow( "直方图", histImg );
}

模板匹配，没什么好说的，不断移动，每个位置都算一下相关系数，完！

#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
using namespace cv;#define WINDOW_NAME1 "【原始图片】"        //为窗口标题定义的宏
#define WINDOW_NAME2 "【匹配窗口】"        //为窗口标题定义的宏
Mat g_srcImage; Mat g_templateImage; Mat g_resultImage;
int g_nMatchMethod;
int g_nMaxTrackbarNum = 5;
void on_Matching( int, void* );
static void ShowHelpText( );
int main(  ){
    ShowHelpText();
	//【1】载入原图像和模板块
	g_srcImage = imread( "1.jpg", 1 );
	g_templateImage = imread( "2.jpg", 1 );
	//【2】创建窗口
	namedWindow( WINDOW_NAME1, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
	namedWindow( WINDOW_NAME2, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
	//【3】创建滑动条并进行一次初始化
	createTrackbar( "方法", WINDOW_NAME1, &g_nMatchMethod, g_nMaxTrackbarNum, on_Matching );
	on_Matching( 0, 0 );
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}
void on_Matching( int, void* ){
	//【1】给局部变量初始化
	Mat srcImage;
	g_srcImage.copyTo( srcImage );
	//【2】初始化用于结果输出的矩阵
	int resultImage_cols =  g_srcImage.cols - g_templateImage.cols + 1;
	int resultImage_rows = g_srcImage.rows - g_templateImage.rows + 1;
	g_resultImage.create( resultImage_cols, resultImage_rows, CV_32FC1 );
	//【3】进行匹配和标准化
	matchTemplate( g_srcImage, g_templateImage, g_resultImage, g_nMatchMethod );
	normalize( g_resultImage, g_resultImage, 0, 1, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat() );
	//【4】通过函数 minMaxLoc 定位最匹配的位置
	double minValue; double maxValue; Point minLocation; Point maxLocation;
	Point matchLocation;
	minMaxLoc( g_resultImage, &minValue, &maxValue, &minLocation, &maxLocation, Mat() );
	//【5】对于方法 SQDIFF 和 SQDIFF_NORMED, 越小的数值有着更高的匹配结果. 而其余的方法, 数值越大匹配效果越好
	//此句代码的OpenCV2版为：
	//if( g_nMatchMethod  == CV_TM_SQDIFF || g_nMatchMethod == CV_TM_SQDIFF_NORMED )
	//此句代码的OpenCV3版为：
	if( g_nMatchMethod  == TM_SQDIFF || g_nMatchMethod == TM_SQDIFF_NORMED )
	{ matchLocation = minLocation; }
	else
	{ matchLocation = maxLocation; }
	//【6】绘制出矩形，并显示最终结果
	rectangle( srcImage, matchLocation, Point( matchLocation.x + g_templateImage.cols , matchLocation.y + g_templateImage.rows ), Scalar(0,0,255), 2, 8, 0 );
	rectangle( g_resultImage, matchLocation, Point( matchLocation.x + g_templateImage.cols , matchLocation.y + g_templateImage.rows ), Scalar(0,0,255), 2, 8, 0 );
	imshow( WINDOW_NAME1, srcImage );
	imshow( WINDOW_NAME2, g_resultImage );
}
static void ShowHelpText(){
	printf("\n\n\t请调整滑动条观察图像效果\n\n");
	printf(  "\n\t滑动条对应的方法数值说明: \n\n"
		"\t\t方法【0】- 平方差匹配法(SQDIFF)\n"
		"\t\t方法【1】- 归一化平方差匹配法(SQDIFF NORMED)\n"
		"\t\t方法【2】- 相关匹配法(TM CCORR)\n"
		"\t\t方法【3】- 归一化相关匹配法(TM CCORR NORMED)\n"
		"\t\t方法【4】- 相关系数匹配法(TM COEFF)\n"
		"\t\t方法【5】- 归一化相关系数匹配法(TM COEFF NORMED)\n" );
}