理解下windows系统下的驱动

Device drivers
设备驱动
Although device drivers are explained in detail in Chapter 6, this section provides a brief overview of the types of drivers and 
虽然设备驱动会被详尽说明在第6章，这个章节提供一个简单的概述（有关驱动的） 和
explains how to list the drivers installed and loaded on your system.
说明怎么去列出被安装的驱动（在你的系统中）
Windows supports kernel-mode and user-mode drivers, but this section discussed the kernel drivers only. The term device driver
windows提供核心模式和用户模式驱动，但是这个章节只讨论核心驱动。这个术语 设备驱动

 implies a hardware device, but there are other device driver types that are not directly related to hardware (listed momentarily). 
暗示了一个硬件设备，但是有其他设备类型，这些设备类型不直接和硬件相关。
This section focuses on device drivers that are related to controlling a hardware device.
这个章节聚焦设备驱动，这些设备驱动和控制一个硬件设备有关。
Device drivers are loadable kernel-mode modules (files typically ending with the .sys extension) that interface between the I/O
设备驱动被加载到核心模式的模块（通常以.sys扩展名结尾的），设备驱动在I/O管理器和相关的硬件中存在。

 manager and the relevant hardware. They run in kernel mode in one of three contexts:
他们运行在核心模式下。在以下3种上下文中。

In the context of the user thread that initiated an I/O function (such as a read operation)

在这种上下文中，用户的线程是被初始化I/O工程。像一个读操作符。
In the context of a kernel-mode system thread (such as a request from the Plug and Play manager)

在有关核心模式系统线程的上下文中。
As a result of an interrupt and therefore not in the context of any particular thread but rather of whichever thread was current when the interrupt occurred
作为一个结果，中断并且因此不在上下文有关任何特别线程 当中断发生，无论当时是什么线程

As stated in the preceding section, device drivers in Windows don’t manipulate hardware directly. Rather, they call functions in
像之前章节说明一样，设备驱动在windos中不会直接操作硬件。他们调用在hal的功能去硬件接口
 the HAL to interface with the hardware. Drivers are typically written in C and/or C++. Therefore, with proper use of HAL routines,
驱动通常被写成c或c++。因此，在hal的合理应用下
 they can be source-code portable across the CPU architectures supported by Windows and binary portable within an architecture
他们被移植成跨各种cpu架构，通过windows系统的支持。也可以是2进制移植代码在架构的大家庭中。
 family.
There are several types of device drivers:
有多种设备驱动
Hardware device drivers These use the HAL to manipulate hardware to write output to or retrieve input from a physical device or
硬件设备驱动。用HAL去操作去写输出或者接受输入，从一个物理设备或者网络。
 network. There are many types of hardware device drivers, such as bus drivers, human interface drivers, mass storage drivers, and
            有许多类型的硬件设备驱动，像总线，人类接口设备，大存储设备驱动等等。

 so on.
File system drivers These are Windows drivers that accept file-oriented I/O requests and translate them into I/O requests bound 
文件设备驱动。 接收文件对象的I/o请求并且转化IO请求被绑定在特殊的设备中
for a particular device.
File system filter drivers These include drivers that perform disk mirroring and encryption or scanning to locate viruses, intercept 
文件系统过滤驱动。  包括执行磁盘监控的驱动，加密扫描病毒的。拦截IO请求
I/O requests, and perform some added-value processing before passing the I/O to the next layer (or in some cases rejecting the 
并且执行一些”加值“操作，然后发去下一层。
operation).
Network redirectors and servers These are file system drivers that transmit file system I/O requests to a machine on the network
网络重定向和服务。  文件系统的驱动可以传输文件系统的IO请求 到大型机器上。这个可以在网络线路中，也可以是接受这样的请求。
 and receive such requests, respectively.
Protocol drivers These implement a networking protocol such as TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and IPX/SPX. Kernel streaming filter drivers 
协议驱动，这些实现一个网络协议像TCP/IP协议。。                                                  核心