13 Process Lifecycle: Process Creation and Termination

1 Unix Processes

1.OS决定哪个进程在何时使用CPU

2 The Death of a Process

1.在main中终断自己

2.1 exit() and _exit() and _Exit()

1. 三种终断进程的方法
   方法|描述
   –|--
   _exit()|请求OS立刻终断进程,强行,不回收资源
   exit()|C标准库函数,先回收资源,再终断
   _Exit()|C标准库函数,本质是_exit()的包装

2. 图片解释

   1. _exit绿色直接退出
   2. exit红色,回收I/O,等后才调用_exit
      

2.2 I/O Buffering and Exit Procedures

1.左图exit会先将buffer里的内容输出的屏幕,再退出
2.右图_exit不会等待,直接退出
3.可以调用fflush()将buffer内容输出

2.3 Changing I/O Buffering policy

1.stdout and stdin is line buffered(标准输入和输出缓冲区遇到换行才会输出)
2.stderr is unbuffered(标准错误因为立刻输出,所以消耗资源会很大)
3.fully buffered,which means writes/reads occur once the buffer is full.(当超过设定的buffer长度才会输出)
4.通过setvbuf来设置buffer效果

/*_exit_IO_setvbuf.c*/
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

  //stderr is now Line buffered                                                                                                                                              
  setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
  // I/O now buffered for stderr                                                                                                                                             
  fprintf(stderr, "Will NOT print b/c stderr is now line buffered");
  _exit(0); //immediate exit!                                                                                                                                                
}

2.4 atexit() Exit Handlers

1.终断exit()时回调其他函数

/*exit_handler_demo.c*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void my_exit1(){
  printf("FIRST Exit Handler\n");
}

void my_exit2(){
  printf("SECOND Exit Handler\n");
}

int main(){

  //exit handers execute in reverse order of registration                                                                                                                    
  atexit(my_exit1);
  atexit(my_exit2);
  //my_exit2 will run before my_exit1                                                                                                                                        

  return; //implicitly calls exit()                                                                                                                                         
}

2.5 Exit Statuses

1.0:sucess;1:failure;2:error

_exit(int status);
exit(int status);
_Exit(int status);

3 The Birth of a Process

1.程序开始于main(),在main前会调用其他函数来配置进程所需要的环境

3.1 Exec System Calls

/* exec_ls.c*/
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char * argv[]){

  //arguments for ls
  char * ls_args[2] = { "/bin/ls", NULL} ;

  //execute ls
  execv( ls_args[0], ls_args);

  //only get here if exec failed                                                                                                                                             
  perror("execve failed");

  return 2; //return error status                                                                                                                                            
}

3.2 Creating A New Processes