机器学习实战----使用k-近邻算法实现手写识别系统

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-16 22:54:06 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-10-16 22:54:06 发布
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分类专栏： python机器学习实例 文章标签： 机器学习 近邻算法 python
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实例：使用K-近邻算法实现手写识别系统
流程：

（1）收集数据：提供文本文件
（2）准备数据：编写函数classify0()，将图像格式转换为分类器使用的list格式。
（3）分析数据：在python命令提示符中检查数据，确保它符合要求。
（4）测试算法：编写函数使用提供的部分数据集作为测试样本，测试样本与非测试样本的区别在于测试样本是已经完成分类的数据，如果预测分类与实际类别不同，则标记为一个错误。

1、准备数据：将图像转换为测试向量

"""
准备数据：将图像转换为测试向量
把一个32*32的二进制图像矩阵转换成1*1024的向量，这样前两节使用的分类器就可以处理数字图像信息了。
"""
def imag2vector(filename):
    #创建1*1024的numpy数组
    returnVect = np.zeros((1,1024))
    #打开给定的文件
    fr = open(filename)
    #循环读出文件的前32行，并将每行的头32个字符值存储字numpy数组中，最后返回数组
    for i in range(32):
        lineStr = fr.readline()
        for j in range(32):
            returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
    return  returnVect

显示结果：

import KNN
testVector = KNN.imag2vector('testDigits/0_13.txt')
print(testVector[0,32:63])

结果：

D:\exercise\机器学习实战\Scripts\python.exe D:\exercise\pythonProject\mian.py 
[0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]

Process finished with exit code 0

2、测试算法：使用k-近邻算法识别手写数字

"""
测试算法：使用k-近邻算法识别手写数字
"""
def classify0(inX,dataSet,labels,k):
    dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
    #距离计算
    diffMat = np.tile(inX,(dataSetSize,1))-dataSet
    sqDiffMat = diffMat ** 2
    sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)
    distances = sqDistances ** 0.5
    sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort()
    classCount = {}
    #选择距离最小的k个点
    for i in range(k):
        vetoIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]
        classCount[vetoIlabel] = classCount.get(vetoIlabel,0) + 1
    #排序
    sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.items(),key=operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True)
    return  sortedClassCount[0][0]

def handwritingClassTest():
    hwLabels = []
    #获取目录内容
    trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits')
    #将目录中的文件数量存储在m中
    m = len(trainingFileList)
    #创建一个m行1024列的训练矩阵，该矩阵的每行数据存储一个图像
    trainingMat = np.zeros((m,1024))
    #从文件名解析分类数字
    for i in range(m):
        fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
        #使用imag2vector函数载入图像
        trainingMat[i,:] = imag2vector('trainingDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
    testFileList = listdir('testDigits')
    errorCount = 0.0
    mTest = len(testFileList)
    for i in range(mTest):
        fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
        #获取0_0.txt中的前面部分0_0
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
        #获取0_0中前面的那个0
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        vectorUnderTest = imag2vector('testDigits/%s'%fileNameStr)
        #使用classify0()函数测试该目录下的每个文件
        classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest,trainingMat,hwLabels,3)
        print("the classifier came back with: %d,the real answer is: %d"%(classifierResult,classNumStr))
        if(classifierResult!=classNumStr):errorCount+=1.0
    print("\nthe total number of errors is: %d"%errorCount)
    print("\nthe total error rate is: %f"%(errorCount/float(mTest)))

显示结果：

KNN.handwritingClassTest()

结果：

the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
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the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
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the classifier came back with: 0,the real answer is: 0
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the classifier came back with: 1,the real answer is: 1
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the classifier came back with: 4,the real answer is: 4
the classifier came back with: 4,the real answer is: 4
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the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 7,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9,the real answer is: 9

the total number of errors is: 10

the total error rate is: 0.010571

Process finished with exit code 0

结果表明：使用k-近邻算法识别手写数字的错误率为1.0571%。

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