🎯 在一个崇高的目标支持下,不停地工作,即使慢,也一定会获得成功。 —— 爱因斯坦
一、什么是HashMap
也叫散列表,是一种非常重要的数据结构(数组+链表+红黑树),它将键映射到值,是一种快速查询数据的方法,应用场景及其丰富,许多缓存技术(比如memcached)的核心其实就是在内存中维护一张大的哈希表。
二、存储结构
从结构实现来讲,HashMap是数组+链表+红黑树(JDK1.8增加了红黑树部分)实现的,如下如所示
transient Node<K,V>[] table // 哈希桶数组(很明显是一个Node数组)length=16 int threshold; // 所能容纳的key-value对极限 length*loadFactor final float loadFactor; // 负载因子 0.75 int modCount; // 记录修改次数 0 int size;
哈希桶数组length大小必须为2的n次方(一定是合数),这是一种非常规的设计,常规的设计是把桶的大小设计为素数。相对来说素数导致冲突的概率要小于合数。
主要是为了在取模和扩容时做优化,同时为了减少冲突,HashMap定位哈希桶索引位置时,也加入了高位参与运算的过程。
Node结构
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> { final int hash; // 哈希值 final K key; V value; Node<K,V> next; //链表的下一个node Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) { this.hash = hash; this.key = key; this.value = value; this.next = next; } public final K getKey() { return key; } public final V getValue() { return value; } public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; } // 哈希值计算方法 public final int hashCode() { return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value); } public final V setValue(V newValue) { V oldValue = value; value = newValue; return oldValue; } // 判断 o 与 this 是否相等 public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) return true; if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) && Objects.equals(value, e.getValue())) return true; } return false; } }
三、功能实现
hash()获取node的哈希值
static final int hash(Object key) { int h; // h = key.hashCode() 为第一步 取hashCode值 // h ^ (h >>> 16) 为第二步 高位参与运算 return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16); }
indexFor() 取模
static int indexFor(int h, int length) { //jdk1.7的源码,jdk1.8没有这个方法,但是实现原理一样的 return h & (length-1); //第三步 取模运算 }
哈希值计算流程
put() 方法
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; //tab为空则创建 if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; // 取模运算 //计算index,并对null做处理 取模 线程安全问题(hash冲突检测) if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k; // 节点key存在,直接覆盖value if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p; // 判断该链为红黑树 else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); // 该链为链表 else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); // 链表长度大于8转换为红黑树进行处理 if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } // key已经存在直接覆盖value if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; // 超过最大容量 就扩容。 ++size 线程安全问题 if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }
get() 方法
public V get(Object key) { Node<K,V> e; return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value; }
getNode() 方法
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k; if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 && (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) { if (first.hash == hash && ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return first; if ((e = first.next) != null) { if (first instanceof TreeNode) return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key); do { if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) return e; } while ((e = e.next) != null); } } return null; }
resize()扩容
final Node<K,V>[] resize() { Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table; int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; int oldThr = threshold; int newCap, newThr = 0; if (oldCap > 0) { if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { 扩容前的数组大小如果已经达到最大(2^30) threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; 修改阈值为int的最大值(2^31-1),这样以后就不会扩容了 return oldTab; } else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold } else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold newCap = oldThr; else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); } if (newThr == 0) { float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor; newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); } threshold = newThr; @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; table = newTab; // *****数据转移处理***** if (oldTab != null) { for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) { Node<K,V> e; if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) { oldTab[j] = null; if (e.next == null) newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e; else if (e instanceof TreeNode) ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap); else { // preserve order Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; Node<K,V> next; do { next = e.next; if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) { if (loTail == null) loHead = e; else loTail.next = e; loTail = e; } else { if (hiTail == null) hiHead = e; else hiTail.next = e; hiTail = e; } } while ((e = next) != null); if (loTail != null) { loTail.next = null; newTab[j] = loHead; } if (hiTail != null) { hiTail.next = null; newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead; } } } } } return newTab; }
四、线程安全性
JDK1.8 在多线程使用场景中,应该尽量避免使用线程不安全的HashMap,而使用线程安全的ConcurrentHashMap,优化了 1.7 中数组扩容的方案,解决了 Entry 链死循环和数据丢失问题,但是put 方法存在数据覆盖的问题,在链表转换树或者对树进行操作的时候会出现线程安全的问题。
对树进行操作
final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
int h, K k, V v) {
Class<?> kc = null;
boolean searched = false;
TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
// 安全问题
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph; K pk;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
if (!searched) {
TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
searched = true;
if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
((ch = p.right) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
return q;
}
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
}
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
xp.next = x;
x.parent = x.prev = xp;
if (xpn != null)
((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
return null;
}
}
}
链表转化树
final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {
int n, index; Node<K,V> e;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
resize();
else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
do {
TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
if (tl == null)
hd = p;
else {
p.prev = tl;
tl.next = p;
}
tl = p;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
hd.treeify(tab);
}
}