C++中的覆盖和隐藏,是个令人头疼的问题,下面写几点自己的认识。
首先,参考c++高质量编程指南,给出覆盖的特征:
覆盖是指派生类函数覆盖基类函数,特征是:
(1)不同的范围(分别位于派生类与基类);
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)参数相同;
(4)基类函数必须有virtual 关键字。
再给出隐藏的特征:
“隐藏”是指派生类的函数屏蔽了与其同名的基类函数,规则如下:
(1)如果派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,但是参数不同。此时,不论有无virtual
关键字,(如果参数相同,基类有virtual,则是覆盖(按照覆盖的特征))基类的函数将被隐藏(注意别与重载混淆)。
(2)如果派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,并且参数也相同,但是基类函数没有virtual
关键字。此时,基类的函数被隐藏(注意别与覆盖混淆)。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void f(float x){ cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; }
void g(float x){ cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; }
void h(float x){ cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
//virtual void f(float x){ cout << "Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; }//覆盖了基类的f
virtual void f(int x){ cout << "Derived::f(int) " << x << endl; }//隐藏了基类的f
void g(int x){ cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; }
void h(float x){ cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
int main()
{
Derived d;
Base *pb = &d;
Derived *pd = &d;
// Good : behavior depends solely on type of the object//覆盖的情况
pb->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14(覆盖)OR Base::f(float) 3.14(隐藏)
pd->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14
// Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
pb->g(3.14f); // Base::g(float) 3.14
pd->g(3.14f); // Derived::g(int) 3 (surprise!)
// Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
pb->h(3.14f); // Base::h(float) 3.14 (surprise!)
pd->h(3.14f); // Derived::h(float) 3.14
return 0;
}
输出为
若代码处像下面这样的,
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
virtual void f(float x){ cout << "Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; }//覆盖了基类的f
//virtual void f(int x){ cout << "Derived::f(int) " << x << endl; }//隐藏了基类的f
void g(int x){ cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; }
void h(float x){ cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
则是覆盖,输出为: