java中hashcode是怎么算出来的？

java的Object类中有一方法hashcode返回int类型：

public native int hashCode();

而且其实现是native方法。

hashcode用来干嘛的？

hashCode方法的主要作用是为了配合基于散列的集合一起正常运行，这样的散列集合包括HashSet、HashMap以及HashTable。考虑一种情况，当向集合中插入对象时，如何判别在集合中是否已经存在该对象了？（注意：集合中不允许重复的元素存在）也许大多数人都会想到调用equals方法来逐个进行比较，这个方法确实可行。但是如果集合中已经存在一万条数据或者更多的数据，如果采用equals方法去逐一比较，效率必然是一个问题。此时hashCode方法的作用就体现出来了，当集合要添加新的对象时，先调用这个对象的hashCode方法，得到对应的hashcode值，实际上在HashMap的具体实现中会用一个table保存已经存进去的对象的hashcode值，如果table中没有该hashcode值，它就可以直接存进去，不用再进行任何比较了；如果存在该hashcode值， 就调用它的equals方法与新元素进行比较，相同的话就不存了，不相同就散列其它的地址，所以这里存在一个冲突解决的问题，这样一来实际调用equals方法的次数就大大降低了，说通俗一点：Java中的hashCode方法就是根据一定的规则将与对象相关的信息（比如对象的存储地址，对象的字段等）映射成一个数值，这个数值称作为散列值。即在散列集合包括HashSet、HashMap以及HashTable里，对每一个存储的桶元素都有一个唯一的"块编号"，即它在集合里面的存储地址；当你调用contains方法的时候，它会根据hashcode找到块的存储地址从而定位到该桶元素。

设计hashCode()时最重要的因素就是：无论何时，对同一个对象调用hashCode()都应该产生同样的值。如果在讲一个对象用put()添加进HashMap时产生一个hashCdoe值，而用get()取出时却产生了另一个hashCode值，那么就无法获取该对象了。所以如果你的hashCode方法依赖于对象中易变的数据，用户就要当心了，因为此数据发生变化时，hashCode()方法就会生成一个不同的散列码。

实现上：

Integer.hashCode()实现：

public int hashCode() {
       return value;
   }

String.hashCode()实现为其ACII字符码：

public int hashCode() {
       int h = hash;
       if (h == 0) {
           int off = offset;
           char val[] = value;
           int len = count;

           for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
               h = 31*h + val[off++];
           }
           hash = h;
       }
       return h;
   }

似乎是对象的内存地址指针，但java不保证代表对象的内存地址：

new String("a").hashCode() == new String("a").hashCode()

hashcode的官方解释

Oracle官方的解释为：

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is supported for the benefit of hashtables such as those provided by   java.util.Hashtable.

The general contract of hashCode is:

• Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consistently return the same integer, provided no information used in equals comparisons on the object is modified. This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an application to another execution of the same application.
• If two objects are equal according to the equals(Object) method, then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce the same integer result.
• It is not required that if two objects are unequal according to the equals(java.lang.Object) method, then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce distinct integer results. However, the programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results for unequal objects may improve the performance of hashtables.

As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by class Object does return distinct integers for distinct objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal address of the object into an integer, but this implementation technique is not required by the Java^TMprogramming language.)

Returns:

a hash code value for this object.

See Also:

equals(java.lang.Object),   Hashtable

equals

public boolean equals(Object obj)

Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.

The equals method implements an equivalence relation on non-null object references:

• It is reflexive: for any non-null reference value x, x.equals(x) should return true.
• It is symmetric: for any non-null reference values x and y, x.equals(y) should return true if and only if y.equals(x) returns true.
• It is transitive: for any non-null reference values x, y, and z, if x.equals(y) returns true and y.equals(z) returns true, then x.equals(z) should return true.
• It is consistent: for any non-null reference values x and y, multiple invocations of x.equals(y) consistently return true or consistently return false, provided no information used in equals comparisons on the objects is modified.
• For any non-null reference value x, x.equals(null) should return false.

The equals method for class Object implements the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects; that is, for any non-null reference values xand y, this method returns true if and only if x and y refer to the same object (x == y has the value true).

Note that it is generally necessary to override the hashCode method whenever this method is overridden, so as to maintain the general contract for thehashCode method, which states that equal objects must have equal hash codes.

Parameters:

obj  - the reference object with which to compare.

Returns:

true  if this object is the same as the obj argument;   false  otherwise.

See Also:

hashCode(),   Hashtable

下面是HotSpot JVM中生成hash散列值的实现：

static inline intptr_t get_next_hash(Thread * Self, oop obj) {
  intptr_t value = 0 ;
  if (hashCode == 0) {
     // This form uses an unguarded global Park-Miller RNG,
     // so it's possible for two threads to race and generate the same RNG.
     // On MP system we'll have lots of RW access to a global, so the
     // mechanism induces lots of coherency traffic.
     value = os::random() ;
  } else
  if (hashCode == 1) {
     // This variation has the property of being stable (idempotent)
     // between STW operations.  This can be useful in some of the 1-0
     // synchronization schemes.
     intptr_t addrBits = intptr_t(obj) >> 3 ;
     value = addrBits ^ (addrBits >> 5) ^ GVars.stwRandom ;
  } else
  if (hashCode == 2) {
     value = 1 ;            // for sensitivity testing
  } else
  if (hashCode == 3) {
     value = ++GVars.hcSequence ;
  } else
  if (hashCode == 4) {
     value = intptr_t(obj) ;
  } else {
     // Marsaglia's xor-shift scheme with thread-specific state
     // This is probably the best overall implementation -- we'll
     // likely make this the default in future releases.
     unsigned t = Self->_hashStateX ;
     t ^= (t << 11) ;
     Self->_hashStateX = Self->_hashStateY ;
     Self->_hashStateY = Self->_hashStateZ ;
     Self->_hashStateZ = Self->_hashStateW ;
     unsigned v = Self->_hashStateW ;
     v = (v ^ (v >> 19)) ^ (t ^ (t >> 8)) ;
     Self->_hashStateW = v ;
     value = v ;
  }
 
  value &= markOopDesc::hash_mask;
  if (value == 0) value = 0xBAD ;
  assert (value != markOopDesc::no_hash, "invariant") ;
  TEVENT (hashCode: GENERATE) ;
  return value;
}

自己写的类如何覆写hashcode？

看看Stackoverflow上的回答，如何实现hashcode的算法：

例如：

@Override
public int hashCode() {
    final int prime = 31;
    int result = 1;
    result = prime * result + (int) (a ^ (a >>> 32));
    result = prime * result + (int) (b ^ (b >>> 32));
    result = prime * result + (int) (c ^ (c >>> 32));
    return result;
}

判断两个对象相等可以用hashcode比较吗？

回答是不可以。你必须用equals方法！两个不同对象可能hashcode相等，但两个不同hashcode的对象一定不同。另外一点，如果覆写了equals方法，必须覆写hashcode方法，原因是默认的hashcode是将对象的存储地址进行映射。而且逻辑上，如果两个对象的equals方法返回是相等的，那么它们的hashcode必须相等；反之不一定成立。