本学习笔记为阿里云天池龙珠计划数据挖掘训练营的学习内容,学习链接为:
一、学习知识点概要
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对于多种调参完成的模型进行模型融合。
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完成对于多种模型的融合,提交融合结果
二、学习内容
Stacking介绍:
Stacking本质上就是这么直接的思路,但是直接这样有时对于如果训练集和测试集分布不那么一致的情况下是有一点问题的,其问题在于用初始模型训练的标签再利用真实标签进行再训练,毫无疑问会导致一定的模型过拟合训练集,这样或许模型在测试集上的泛化能力或者说效果会有一定的下降,因此现在的问题变成了如何降低再训练的过拟合性,这里我们一般有两种方法。
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- 次级模型尽量选择简单的线性模型
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- 利用K折交叉验证
1)简单加权平均,结果直接融合
## 生成一些简单的样本数据,test_prei 代表第i个模型的预测值
test_pre1 = [1.2, 3.2, 2.1, 6.2]
test_pre2 = [0.9, 3.1, 2.0, 5.9]
test_pre3 = [1.1, 2.9, 2.2, 6.0]
# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_test_true = [1, 3, 2, 6]
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Weighted_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,w=[1/3,1/3,1/3]):
Weighted_result = w[0]*pd.Series(test_pre1)+w[1]*pd.Series(test_pre2)+w[2]*pd.Series(test_pre3)
return Weighted_result
from sklearn import metrics
# 各模型的预测结果计算MAE
print('Pred1 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre1))
print('Pred2 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre2))
print('Pred3 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre3))
## 根据加权计算MAE
w = [0.3,0.4,0.3] # 定义比重权值
Weighted_pre = Weighted_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,w)
print('Weighted_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Weighted_pre))
可以发现加权结果相对于之前的结果是有提升的,这种我们称其为简单的加权平均。
还有
一些特殊的形式,比如mean平均,median平均
## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Mean_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3):
Mean_result = pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).mean(axis=1)
return Mean_result
Mean_pre = Mean_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3)
print('Mean_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Mean_pre))
## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Median_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3):
Median_result = pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).median(axis=1)
return Median_result
Median_pre = Median_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3)
print('Median_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Median_pre))
Stacking融合(回归):
from sklearn import linear_model
def Stacking_method(train_reg1,train_reg2,train_reg3,y_train_true,test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,model_L2= linear_model.LinearRegression()):
model_L2.fit(pd.concat([pd.Series(train_reg1),pd.Series(train_reg2),pd.Series(train_reg3)],axis=1).values,y_train_true)
Stacking_result = model_L2.predict(pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).values)
return Stacking_result
## 生成一些简单的样本数据,test_prei 代表第i个模型的预测值
train_reg1 = [3.2, 8.2, 9.1, 5.2]
train_reg2 = [2.9, 8.1, 9.0, 4.9]
train_reg3 = [3.1, 7.9, 9.2, 5.0]
# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_train_true = [3, 8, 9, 5]
test_pre1 = [1.2, 3.2, 2.1, 6.2]
test_pre2 = [0.9, 3.1, 2.0, 5.9]
test_pre3 = [1.1, 2.9, 2.2, 6.0]
# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_test_true = [1, 3, 2, 6]
model_L2= linear_model.LinearRegression()
Stacking_pre = Stacking_method(train_reg1,train_reg2,train_reg3,y_train_true,
test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,model_L2)
print('Stacking_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Stacking_pre))
分类模型融合:
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
import numpy as np
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import VotingClassifier
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score,roc_auc_score
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
1)Voting投票机制:
'''
硬投票:对多个模型直接进行投票,不区分模型结果的相对重要度,最终投票数最多的类为最终被预测的类。
'''
iris = datasets.load_iris()
x=iris.data
y=iris.target
x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.3)
clf1 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=3, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.7,
colsample_bytree=0.6, objective='binary:logistic')
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=50, max_depth=1, min_samples_split=4,
min_samples_leaf=63,oob_score=True)
clf3 = SVC(C=0.1)
# 硬投票
eclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('xgb', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('svc', clf3)], voting='hard')
for clf, label in zip([clf1, clf2, clf3, eclf], ['XGBBoosting', 'Random Forest', 'SVM', 'Ensemble']):
scores = cross_val_score(clf, x, y, cv=5, scoring='accuracy')
print("Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f) [%s]" % (scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))
'''
软投票:和硬投票原理相同,增加了设置权重的功能,可以为不同模型设置不同权重,进而区别模型不同的重要度。
'''
x=iris.data
y=iris.target
x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.3)
clf1 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=3, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.8,
colsample_bytree=0.8, objective='binary:logistic')
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=50, max_depth=1, min_samples_split=4,
min_samples_leaf=63,oob_score=True)
clf3 = SVC(C=0.1, probability=True)
# 软投票
eclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('xgb', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('svc', clf3)], voting='soft', weights=[2, 1, 1])
clf1.fit(x_train, y_train)
for clf, label in zip([clf1, clf2, clf3, eclf], ['XGBBoosting', 'Random Forest', 'SVM', 'Ensemble']):
scores = cross_val_score(clf, x, y, cv=5, scoring='accuracy')
print("Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f) [%s]" % (scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))
2)分类的Stacking\Blending融合:
stacking是一种分层模型集成框架。
以两层为例,第一层由多个基学习器组成,其输入为原始训练集,第二层的模型则是以第一层基学习器的输出作为训练集进行再训练,从而得到完整的stacking模型, stacking两层模型都使用了全部的训练数据
''' 5-Fold Stacking ''' from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.ensemble import ExtraTreesClassifier,GradientBoostingClassifier import pandas as pd #创建训练的数据集 data_0 = iris.data data = data_0[:100,:] target_0 = iris.target target = target_0[:100] #模型融合中使用到的各个单模型 clfs = [LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs'), RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'), ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'), ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'), GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)] #切分一部分数据作为测试集 X, X_predict, y, y_predict = train_test_split(data, target, test_size=0.3, random_state=2020) dataset_blend_train = np.zeros((X.shape[0], len(clfs))) dataset_blend_test = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], len(clfs))) #5折stacking n_splits = 5 skf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits) skf = skf.split(X, y) for j, clf in enumerate(clfs): #依次训练各个单模型 dataset_blend_test_j = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], 5)) for i, (train, test) in enumerate(skf): #5-Fold交叉训练,使用第i个部分作为预测,剩余的部分来训练模型,获得其预测的输出作为第i部分的新特征。 X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = X[train], y[train], X[test], y[test] clf.fit(X_train, y_train) y_submission = clf.predict_proba(X_test)[:, 1] dataset_blend_train[test, j] = y_submission dataset_blend_test_j[:, i] = clf.predict_proba(X_predict)[:, 1] #对于测试集,直接用这k个模型的预测值均值作为新的特征。 dataset_blend_test[:, j] = dataset_blend_test_j.mean(1) print("val auc Score: %f" % roc_auc_score(y_predict, dataset_blend_test[:, j])) clf = LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs') clf.fit(dataset_blend_train, y) y_submission = clf.predict_proba(dataset_blend_test)[:, 1] print("Val auc Score of Stacking: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_predict, y_submission)))
其优点在于:
- 1.比stacking简单(因为不用进行k次的交叉验证来获得stacker feature)
- 2.避开了一个信息泄露问题:generlizers和stacker使用了不一样的数据集
缺点在于:
- 1.使用了很少的数据(第二阶段的blender只使用training set10%的量)
- 2.blender可能会过拟合
- 3.stacking使用多次的交叉验证会比较稳健 '
'''
Blending
'''
#创建训练的数据集
#创建训练的数据集
data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]
target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]
#模型融合中使用到的各个单模型
clfs = [LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs'),
RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),
RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),
ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),
#ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),
GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)]
#切分一部分数据作为测试集
X, X_predict, y, y_predict = train_test_split(data, target, test_size=0.3, random_state=2020)
#切分训练数据集为d1,d2两部分
X_d1, X_d2, y_d1, y_d2 = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.5, random_state=2020)
dataset_d1 = np.zeros((X_d2.shape[0], len(clfs)))
dataset_d2 = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], len(clfs)))
for j, clf in enumerate(clfs):
#依次训练各个单模型
clf.fit(X_d1, y_d1)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(X_d2)[:, 1]
dataset_d1[:, j] = y_submission
#对于测试集,直接用这k个模型的预测值作为新的特征。
dataset_d2[:, j] = clf.predict_proba(X_predict)[:, 1]
print("val auc Score: %f" % roc_auc_score(y_predict, dataset_d2[:, j]))
#融合使用的模型
clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.02, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=30)
clf.fit(dataset_d1, y_d2)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(dataset_d2)[:, 1]
print("Val auc Score of Blending: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_predict, y_submission)))
3)分类的Stacking融合(利用mlxtend):
!pip install mlxtend
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
import itertools
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from mlxtend.classifier import StackingClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_learning_curves
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_decision_regions
# 以python自带的鸢尾花数据集为例
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X, y = iris.data[:, 1:3], iris.target
clf1 = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
clf3 = GaussianNB()
lr = LogisticRegression()
sclf = StackingClassifier(classifiers=[clf1, clf2, clf3],
meta_classifier=lr)
label = ['KNN', 'Random Forest', 'Naive Bayes', 'Stacking Classifier']
clf_list = [clf1, clf2, clf3, sclf]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(2, 2)
grid = itertools.product([0,1],repeat=2)
clf_cv_mean = []
clf_cv_std = []
for clf, label, grd in zip(clf_list, label, grid):
scores = cross_val_score(clf, X, y, cv=3, scoring='accuracy')
print("Accuracy: %.2f (+/- %.2f) [%s]" %(scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))
clf_cv_mean.append(scores.mean())
clf_cv_std.append(scores.std())
clf.fit(X, y)
ax = plt.subplot(gs[grd[0], grd[1]])
fig = plot_decision_regions(X=X, y=y, clf=clf)
plt.title(label)
plt.show()
可以发现 基模型 用 'KNN', 'Random Forest', 'Naive Bayes' 然后再这基础上 次级模型加一个 'LogisticRegression',模型测试效果有着很好的提升。
一些其它方法:
将特征放进模型中预测,并将预测结果变换并作为新的特征加入原有特征中再经过模型预测结果 (Stacking变化)
(可以反复预测多次将结果加入最后的特征中)
def Ensemble_add_feature(train,test,target,clfs):
# n_flods = 5
# skf = list(StratifiedKFold(y, n_folds=n_flods))
train_ = np.zeros((train.shape[0],len(clfs*2)))
test_ = np.zeros((test.shape[0],len(clfs*2)))
for j,clf in enumerate(clfs):
'''依次训练各个单模型'''
# print(j, clf)
'''使用第1个部分作为预测,第2部分来训练模型,获得其预测的输出作为第2部分的新特征。'''
# X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = X[train], y[train], X[test], y[test]
clf.fit(train,target)
y_train = clf.predict(train)
y_test = clf.predict(test)
## 新特征生成
train_[:,j*2] = y_train**2
test_[:,j*2] = y_test**2
train_[:, j+1] = np.exp(y_train)
test_[:, j+1] = np.exp(y_test)
# print("val auc Score: %f" % r2_score(y_predict, dataset_d2[:, j]))
print('Method ',j)
train_ = pd.DataFrame(train_)
test_ = pd.DataFrame(test_)
return train_,test_
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
clf = LogisticRegression()
data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]
target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]
x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(data,target,test_size=0.3)
x_train = pd.DataFrame(x_train) ; x_test = pd.DataFrame(x_test)
#模型融合中使用到的各个单模型
clfs = [LogisticRegression(),
RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),
ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),
ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),
GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)]
New_train,New_test = Ensemble_add_feature(x_train,x_test,y_train,clfs)
clf = LogisticRegression()
# clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.02, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=30)
clf.fit(New_train, y_train)
y_emb = clf.predict_proba(New_test)[:, 1]
print("Val auc Score of stacking: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_test, y_emb)))
三、学习问题与解答
以上发现一个问题:在建立线性回归的模型时,发现NaN值仍存在于数据中,无法建立模型。 将文中代码sample_feature = sample_feature.dropna().replace('-', 0).reset_index(drop=True) 改为sample_feature=sample_feature.fillna(0)即可将NaN轻松改为0,希望对大家有用!
四、学习思考与总结
从0到1的体验,但训练营中仍然有许多细节没有注意,也没有真正学懂,日后在实战中可以以此次训练营内容为参考,多多参加比赛,提高能力。