ASC(22)H（大数+推公式）

High Speed Trains

Time Limit: 4000/2000MS (Java/Others) Memory Limit: 128000/64000KB (Java/Others)

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Problem Description

      The kingdom of Flatland has n cities. Recently the king of Flatland visited Japan and was amazed by high speed trains Shinkansens going all around the country. Therefore he decided to build the system of high speed trains in Flatland.

      Each high speed train line will be bidirectional and connect exactly two different cities of Flatland. Although there is actually no need of high speed trains in Flatland, the king ordered that there must be at least one high speed train line from each city of Flatland.
      The minister of transportation told the king that there are several train system satisfying his requirements. The king was amazed by the fact and asked the minister to count the number of possible systems.
      Help the minister to calculate the number of train systems.

Input

      The input file contains one integer number n (2 ≤ n ≤ 100)

Output

      Output one integer number — the number of different train systems that can be arranged in Flatland.

Sample Input

4

Sample Output

41

题意：给出图的点数n，要求的是由这n个点可以构成多少种图，要满足每个点至少有一条边相连，两点之间最多一条边，图可以不连通

思路：推公式题

            dp[n] = dp[n-1] * ( 2^(n-1) - 1 ) + C( n-1 , 1 ) * 2^(n-2) * dp[n-2] + C( n-1 , 2 ) * 2^(n-3) * dp[n-3] + ...... + C( n-1 , n-3 ) * 2^( 2 ) * dp[ 2 ] + 1

            要用大数

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          using namespace std; #define MAXN 9999 #define MAXSIZE 10 #define DLEN 4 class BigNum { private: int a[380]; //可以控制大数的位数 int len; //大数长度 public: BigNum(){ len = 1;memset(a,0,sizeof(a));} //构造函数 BigNum(const int); //将一个int类型的变量转化为大数 BigNum(const char*); //将一个字符串类型的变量转化为大数 BigNum(const BigNum &); //拷贝构造函数 BigNum &operator=(const BigNum &); //重载赋值运算符，大数之间进行赋值运算 friend istream& operator>>(istream&, BigNum&); //重载输入运算符 friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, BigNum&); //重载输出运算符 BigNum operator+(const BigNum &) const; //重载加法运算符，两个大数之间的相加运算 BigNum operator-(const BigNum &) const; //重载减法运算符，两个大数之间的相减运算 BigNum operator*(const BigNum &) const; //重载乘法运算符，两个大数之间的相乘运算 BigNum operator/(const int &) const; //重载除法运算符，大数对一个整数进行相除运算 BigNum operator^(const int &) const; //大数的n次方运算 int operator%(const int &) const; //大数对一个int类型的变量进行取模运算 bool operator>(const BigNum & T)const; //大数和另一个大数的大小比较 bool operator<(const BigNum & T) const; bool operator==(const BigNum & T) const; bool operator>(const int & t)const; //大数和一个int类型的变量的大小比较 bool operator<(const int &t) const; bool operator==(const int &t) const; void print(); //输出大数 }; bool BigNum::operator==(const BigNum & T) const { return !(*this > T) && !(T > *this); } bool BigNum::operator==(const int &t) const { BigNum T = BigNum(t); return *this == T; } bool BigNum::operator<(const BigNum & T) const { return T > *this; } bool BigNum::operator<(const int &t) const { return BigNum(t) > *this; } BigNum::BigNum(const int b) //将一个int类型的变量转化为大数 { int c,d = b; len = 0; memset(a,0,sizeof(a)); while(d > MAXN) { c = d - (d / (MAXN + 1)) * (MAXN + 1); d = d / (MAXN + 1); a[len++] = c; } a[len++] = d; } BigNum::BigNum(const char*s) //将一个字符串类型的变量转化为大数 { int t,k,index,l,i; memset(a,0,sizeof(a)); l=strlen(s); len=l/DLEN; if(l%DLEN) len++; index=0; for(i=l-1;i>=0;i-=DLEN) { t=0; k=i-DLEN+1; if(k<0) k=0; for(int j=k;j<=i;j++) t=t*10+s[j]-'0'; a[index++]=t; } } BigNum::BigNum(const BigNum & T) : len(T.len) //拷贝构造函数 { int i; memset(a,0,sizeof(a)); for(i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) a[i] = T.a[i]; } BigNum & BigNum::operator=(const BigNum & n) //重载赋值运算符，大数之间进行赋值运算 { int i; len = n.len; memset(a,0,sizeof(a)); for(i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) a[i] = n.a[i]; return *this; } istream& operator>>(istream & in, BigNum & b) //重载输入运算符 { char ch[MAXSIZE*4]; int i = -1; in>>ch; int l=strlen(ch); int count=0,sum=0; for(i=l-1;i>=0;) { sum = 0; int t=1; for(int j=0;j<4&&i>=0;j++,i--,t*=10) { sum+=(ch[i]-'0')*t; } b.a[count]=sum; count++; } b.len =count++; return in; } ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, BigNum& b) //重载输出运算符 { int i; cout << b.a[b.len - 1]; for(i = b.len - 2 ; i >= 0 ; i--) { cout.width(DLEN); cout.fill('0'); cout << b.a[i]; } return out; } BigNum BigNum::operator+(const BigNum & T) const //两个大数之间的相加运算 { BigNum t(*this); int i,big; //位数 big = T.len > len ? T.len : len; for(i = 0 ; i < big ; i++) { t.a[i] +=T.a[i]; if(t.a[i] > MAXN) { t.a[i + 1]++; t.a[i] -=MAXN+1; } } if(t.a[big] != 0) t.len = big + 1; else t.len = big; return t; } BigNum BigNum::operator-(const BigNum & T) const //两个大数之间的相减运算 { int i,j,big; bool flag; BigNum t1,t2; if(*this>T) { t1=*this; t2=T; flag=0; } else { t1=T; t2=*this; flag=1; } big=t1.len; for(i = 0 ; i < big ; i++) { if(t1.a[i] < t2.a[i]) { j = i + 1; while(t1.a[j] == 0) j++; t1.a[j--]--; while(j > i) t1.a[j--] += MAXN; t1.a[i] += MAXN + 1 - t2.a[i]; } else t1.a[i] -= t2.a[i]; } t1.len = big; while(t1.a[t1.len - 1] == 0 && t1.len > 1) { t1.len--; big--; } if(flag) t1.a[big-1]=0-t1.a[big-1]; return t1; } BigNum BigNum::operator*(const BigNum & T) const //两个大数之间的相乘运算 { BigNum ret; int i,j,up; int temp,temp1; for(i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) { up = 0; for(j = 0 ; j < T.len ; j++) { temp = a[i] * T.a[j] + ret.a[i + j] + up; if(temp > MAXN) { temp1 = temp - temp / (MAXN + 1) * (MAXN + 1); up = temp / (MAXN + 1); ret.a[i + j] = temp1; } else { up = 0; ret.a[i + j] = temp; } } if(up != 0) ret.a[i + j] = up; } ret.len = i + j; while(ret.a[ret.len - 1] == 0 && ret.len > 1) ret.len--; return ret; } BigNum BigNum::operator/(const int & b) const //大数对一个整数进行相除运算 { BigNum ret; int i,down = 0; for(i = len - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) { ret.a[i] = (a[i] + down * (MAXN + 1)) / b; down = a[i] + down * (MAXN + 1) - ret.a[i] * b; } ret.len = len; while(ret.a[ret.len - 1] == 0 && ret.len > 1) ret.len--; return ret; } int BigNum::operator %(const int & b) const //大数对一个int类型的变量进行取模运算 { int i,d=0; for (i = len-1; i>=0; i--) { d = ((d * (MAXN+1))% b + a[i])% b; } return d; } BigNum BigNum::operator^(const int & n) const //大数的n次方运算 { BigNum t,ret(1); int i; if(n<0) exit(-1); if(n==0) return 1; if(n==1) return *this; int m=n; while(m>1) { t=*this; for( i=1;i<<1<=m;i<<=1) { t=t*t; } m-=i; ret=ret*t; if(m==1) ret=ret*(*this); } return ret; } bool BigNum::operator>(const BigNum & T) const //大数和另一个大数的大小比较 { int ln; if(len > T.len) return true; else if(len == T.len) { ln = len - 1; while(a[ln] == T.a[ln] && ln >= 0) ln--; if(ln >= 0 && a[ln] > T.a[ln]) return true; else return false; } else return false; } bool BigNum::operator >(const int & t) const //大数和一个int类型的变量的大小比较 { BigNum b(t); return *this>b; } void BigNum::print() //输出大数 { int i; // cout< 
         
           < 
          
            = 0; --i) { printf("%04d", a[i]); } puts(""); } BigNum C[101][101]; BigNum po[101]; BigNum dp[105]; void getc(int n) { BigNum tm0(0),tm1(1); for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ for(int j=1;j<=n;j++){ C[i][j]=tm0; } } C[0][0]=tm1; for(int i=0;i<=n;i++){ C[i][0]=C[i][i]=tm1; for(int j=1;j