巴斯卡三角形
个人信息：就读于燕大本科软件工程专业 目前大三;
本人博客：google搜索“cqs_2012”即可;
个人爱好：酷爱数据结构和算法，希望将来搞科研为人民作出自己的贡献;
博客内容：巴斯卡三角形；
博客时间：2014-4-7
编程语言：C++
编程坏境：Windows 7 专业版 x64
编程工具：vs2008 32位编译器
- 引言
有些问题已经老掉牙，但是那不是对自己。各种技术横空出世，但是自己还没掌握。
- 题目
打印 巴斯卡 三角形
- 思路
若i代表巴斯卡三角形的行，j代表巴斯卡三角形的列。
思路如下
// second action: get data for gossip data[0][0] = "1"; for(int i=0;i < n;i++) { data[i][0] = "1" ; for(int j = 1; j<i; j++) { data[i][j] = String::ADD_Int(data[i-1][j-1],data[i-1][j]); } data[i][i] = "1" ; }
- 实验
本程序已经处理掉数据溢出情况
输出的数据保存到如下文本 gossip.txt
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11 1 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12 1 1 13 78 286 715 1287 1716 1716 1287 715 286 78 13 1 1 14 91 364 1001 2002 3003 3432 3003 2002 1001 364 91 14 1 1 15 105 455 1365 3003 5005 6435 6435 5005 3003 1365 455 105 15 1 1 16 120 560 1820 4368 8008 11440 12870 11440 8008 4368 1820 560 120 16 1 1 17 136 680 2380 6188 12376 19448 24310 24310 19448 12376 6188 2380 680 136 17 1 1 18 153 816 3060 8568 18564 31824 43758 48620 43758 31824 18564 8568 3060 816 153 18 1 1 19 171 969 3876 11628 27132 50388 75582 92378 92378 75582 50388 27132 11628 3876 969 171 19 1 1 20 190 1140 4845 15504 38760 77520 125970 167960 184756 167960 125970 77520 38760 15504 4845 1140 190 20 1 1 21 210 1330 5985 20349 54264 116280 203490 293930 352716 352716 293930 203490 116280 54264 20349 5985 1330 210 21 1 1 22 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- 代码
头文件 mine_string.h
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <limits> using namespace std; // extra the class of string class String:public string { public: // function 1: mode the add of int( (-3) + (-3) ) = - 6 // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的相加操作，结果存在返回的字符串里 static string ADD_Int(string a,string b); // function 2: make a-b mode int a - b; 7 - (-3) = 10 // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的相减操作，结果存在返回的字符串里 static string MINUS_Int(string a,string b); // function 3: make a*b mode int a * b; // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的相乘操作，结果存在返回的字符串里 static string MULT_Int(string a,string b); // function 4: mode the division a/b // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的相除操作，结果存在返回的字符串里 static string DIV_Int(string a,string b); // function 5: pow number a^b // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的a^b操作，结果存在返回的字符串里 static string Pow_Int(string a,string b); // function 6: int To string :"123" = 123 // input: 一个int数 a; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里面是整数; // 功能: 将整数a转换成对应的字符串格式 static string Int_To_String(int x); // function 7: static char division a/b : 4 / 3 static string Division(string a,string b); // function 8: make a-b mode int a - b; 4 - 3 static string MinusInt(string a,string b); // function 9: mode the add of int :3 + 4 static string AddInt(string a,string b); // function 10: make char to the int number :'9' = 9 static int CharToNumber(char c); // function 11: make int to the model char : 7 = '7' static string IntToChar(int i); // function 12: check whether the string is legal static bool Check_all_number(string a); // function 13: compare string a and b // input: 两个字符串 a 和 b，里面放的都是整数; // output: 返回一个字符，字符里是a和b的大小关系; // 功能: 实现参数两个整数的a和b比较操作，结果< or = or >存在返回的字符里 static char Compare(string a,string b); // function 14: make string into standard string number static bool Standardization(string &a); // function 15: make string(>0) into standard int number // input: 一个字符串 a，里面放的是一个整数; // output: 返回一个字符串，字符串里是a对应的整形数据; // 功能: 将存在字符串里的整数取出来，放在整形容器里，然后返回，根据返回的结果可以判定是否转换成功 static std::pair<bool,int> String_into_intNumber(string &a); // function 16: get data // input: a int number data with string // output: a string number b // 功能: 实现 sqrt 函数 static string Sqrt_data( string data ,int weishu); // function 17: go larger // input: a int keyword with string , and the int keyword key // output: a double number // 功能: 尝试找到一个区间使得 a^2 <= key <= b^2 static string _make_qujian(string key,int weishu); // function 18: binary search // input: two int numbers s and b, and the int keyword key and weishu // output: a double number with string // 功能: 实现sqrt函数，找到 r^2 == key static string _binary_search(string s,string b,string key,int weishu); // function 19: get perfect double // input: two strings with data and key ,weishu // output: a string with result(data < result < data+1) ,and result^2 <= key // 功能: 实现整数开方精确到小数部分 static string _get_perfect(string data,string key,int weishu); // function 19: get more number // input: two string data and key ,(bigger) // output: a pair with <bool,string>,if(true) perfect string,or bad string // 功能: 进一步精确小数的位数 static std::pair<bool,string> _get_more_number(string data,string key); // function 20: 求余操作 // input: two int number within string // output: a int number within string // 功能: 求出a%b static string Qiuyu(string a,string b); // function 21: Qiu fanshu // input: a int number within string // output: a int number within string // 功能: 实现取反操作 static string Qiu_fanshu(string a); // function 22: data to binary system // input: a int number within string // output: a fuhao wei within bool and a binary_system result with string // 功能 : 把一个十进制数转换成二进制数 static std::pair<bool,string> Data_to_Binary_system(string data); }; // mode the add of int string String::ADD_Int(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return b; else if( b.empty() ) return "0"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input ADD_Int"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); if(a[0] != '-' && b[0] != '-') return AddInt(a,b); else if(a[0] != '-'&& b[0] == '-') return MinusInt( a,b.substr( 1,b.size() ) ); else if(a[0] == '-'&& b[0] != '-') return MinusInt(b,a.substr(1,a.size())); else return '-'+AddInt(a.substr(1,a.size()),b.substr( 1,b.size() )); }; // make a-b mode int a - b; string String::MINUS_Int(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return b; else if( b.empty() ) return "0"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input Multiplies_Int"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); if(a[0] != '-' && b[0] != '-') return MinusInt(a,b); else if(a[0] != '-' && b[0] == '-') return AddInt(a,b.substr(1,b.size())); else if(a[0] == '-' && b[0] != '-') return "-"+AddInt(a.substr(1,a.size()),b); else return MinusInt( b.substr(1,b.size()) , a.substr(1,a.size()) ); }; // make a*b mode int a * b; string String::MULT_Int(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return b; else if( b.empty() ) return "0"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input Multiplies_Int"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); string::size_type i = a.size(),j = b.size(); string c = "0",d = ""; bool fushu = (a[0] == '-' && b[0] != '-')||(a[0] != '-' && b[0] == '-'); if(a[0] == '-') a = a.substr(1,a.size()); if(b[0] == '-') b = b.substr(1,b.size()); int jinwei = 0; for( j = b.size()-1 ; j < b.size() ;j--) { // each number of b to * a jinwei = 0; for( i = a.size()-1 ; i < a.size() ;i-- ) { d = IntToChar( ( CharToNumber(a[i]) * CharToNumber(b[j]) + jinwei ) % 10 )+ d ; jinwei = ( CharToNumber(a[i]) * CharToNumber(b[j]) + jinwei ) / 10 ; } if(jinwei) d = IntToChar(jinwei) +d; // add all number result c = ADD_Int(c,d); d = ""; unsigned int zero = 0 ; while( zero < b.size() - j ) { d = d + '0'; zero ++; } } Standardization(c); if( fushu && c != "0" ) return '-'+c; else return c; }; // mode the division a/b string String::DIV_Int(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return "0"; else if( b.empty() ) return "e"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input DIV_Int"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); if(b == "0") return "e"; bool fushu = (a[0] == '-' && b[0] != '-')||(a[0] != '-' && b[0] == '-'); if( a[0] == '-' ) a = a.substr(1,a.size()); if( b[0] == '-' ) b = b.substr(1,b.size()); if( Compare(a,b) == '<' ) return "0"; string yushu = ""; string beichushu = a.substr(0,b.size()); string shang = Division( beichushu , b); yushu = MinusInt( beichushu ,MULT_Int( shang, b) ); string c = shang; for(string::size_type i = b.size(); i<a.size(); i++) { beichushu = yushu+ a[i] ; shang = Division( beichushu , b); c = c + shang; yushu = MinusInt( beichushu ,MULT_Int( shang, b) ); } Standardization(c); return fushu?('-'+c):c; }; // function: pow number x,y string String::Pow_Int(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return "0"; else if( b.empty() ) return "e"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input DIV_Int"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); string result = "1" ; if(Compare(b,"0") != '<') for(string i ="0" ;Compare(i,b) == '<' ;i = AddInt(i,"1")) { result = MULT_Int(result,a); } else for(string i ="0" ;Compare(i,b) == '>' ;i = MINUS_Int(i,"1")) { result = DIV_Int(result,a); } return result ; }; // function : int To string string String::Int_To_String(int x) { bool fushu = false; string result=""; if(x < 0 ) { fushu = true ; x = -x; } else if( x == 0 ) return "0"; while(x) { result = IntToChar(x % 10) + result; x = x/10; } if(fushu) result = "-"+result; return result; }; // static char division a/b string String::Division(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return "0"; else if( b.empty() ) return "e"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { cout<<"exception of input Division"<<endl; return "e"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); int i = 0; while( i<=9 ) { // if a - b*i < b if( Compare( MINUS_Int( a , MULT_Int(IntToChar(i),b) ) , b ) == '<' ) break; i++; } if( i>9 ) return "e"; return ""+IntToChar(i); }; // make a-b mode int a - b; string String::MinusInt(string a,string b) { // exception of input if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) return "exception of input MinusInt"; Standardization(a); Standardization(b); // particular string of input if(a.empty()) { if(b.empty()) return "0"; else return "-"+b; } else if(b.empty()) { return a; } // normal number a < b string c = ""; bool check = true ; if(Compare(a,b) == '=') return "0"; else if(Compare(a,b) == '<') { c = a ; a = b ; b = c ; c = ""; check = false ; } // normal number a >= b string::size_type i = a.size()-1, j = b.size()-1; int jiewei = 0,now; while(i < a.size() && j < b.size()) { now = CharToNumber(a[i]) - CharToNumber(b[j]) - jiewei ; if( now < 0 ) { jiewei = 1; now = 10 + now ; } else jiewei = 0; c = IntToChar(now) + c ; i--;j--; } while(i < a.size()) { now = CharToNumber(a[i]) - jiewei ; if( now < 0 ) { jiewei = 1; now = 10 + now ; } else jiewei = 0; c = IntToChar( now ) + c ; i--; } Standardization(c); if(!check) c = '-' + c; return c; }; // mode the add of int string String::AddInt(string a,string b) { // exception of input if( a.empty() ) return b; else if( b.empty() ) return "0"; if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return "exception of input AddInt"; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); string::size_type i = a.size()-1 ,j = b.size()-1 , k = 0 ; string c = ""; int jinwei = 0; while( i < a.size() && j < b.size() ) { c = IntToChar( ( CharToNumber(a[i]) + CharToNumber(b[j]) + jinwei ) % 10 ) + c; jinwei = ( CharToNumber(a[i]) + CharToNumber(b[j]) + jinwei ) / 10; j--;i--; } while( j < b.size() ) { c = IntToChar( ( CharToNumber(b[j]) + jinwei ) % 10 ) + c; jinwei = ( jinwei + CharToNumber(b[j]) ) / 10; j--; } while( i < a.size() ) { c = IntToChar( ( CharToNumber(a[i]) + jinwei ) % 10 ) + c; jinwei = ( jinwei + CharToNumber(a[i]) ) / 10; i--; } if( jinwei ) c = IntToChar( jinwei ) + c; Standardization(c); return c; }; // make char to the int number int String::CharToNumber(char c) { if( c >= '0' && c <= '9' ) return int(c - '0'); else { cout<<c<<" exception of input CharToNumber "<<endl; system("pause"); return 0; } }; // make int to the model char string String::IntToChar(int i) { if( i >= 0 && i <= 9 ) { string c = ""; return c+char(i+48); } else { cout<<i<<" exception of input IntToChar"<<endl; system("pause"); return "e"; } }; // check whether the string is legal bool String::Check_all_number(string a) { if(a.empty()) return true ; string::size_type L = a.size(),i = 0; if(a[0] == '-') i++; while( i < L ) { if( a[i] < '0' || a[i] > '9') return false; i++; } return true ; }; // compare string a and b char String::Compare(string a,string b) { if(a.empty() || b.empty()) { cout<<"error of input compare"; return 'e'; } else { if(!Check_all_number(a) || !Check_all_number(b)) { return 'e'; } Standardization(a); Standardization(b); if(a[0] == '-' && b[0] != '-') return '<'; else if( a[0] != '-' && b[0] == '-') return '>'; bool fushu = (a[0] == '-'); if(a.size() > b.size() ) return fushu?'<':'>'; else if(a.size() == b.size()) { for(string::size_type i = 0;i < a.size(); i++) { if(a[i] > b[i]) return fushu?'<':'>'; if(a[i] < b[i]) return fushu?'>':'<'; } return '='; } return fushu?'>':'<'; } }; // make string into standard string number bool String::Standardization(string &a) { if(!Check_all_number(a)) { cout<<a<<" exception of input Standardization"<<endl; return false; } string::size_type i = 0 ; bool fushu = false ; if( a[0] == '-' ) { fushu = true ; i = 1 ; } while(i < a.size()) { if(a[i] != '0') break; i++; } if(i == a.size()) i--; a = a.substr(i,a.size()) ; if( fushu && a != "0") a = '-' + a ; return true ; }; // make string(>0) into standard int number std::pair<bool,int> String::String_into_intNumber(string &a) { if(Standardization(a)) { int max_int = numeric_limits<int>::max()-1 ; string max = Int_To_String(max_int); bool fushu = false; if(a[0] == '-') { fushu = true ; a = a.substr(1,a.length()); } if(Compare(a,max) != '<') { cout<<"溢出 exception"<<endl; return std::make_pair(false,0); } int result = 0 ; for(size_t i =0;i<a.length();i++) { result = result * 10 + CharToNumber(a[i]); } if(fushu) result = - result; return std::make_pair(true,result); } else { cout<<"exception of function String_into_intNumber input"<<endl; return std::make_pair(false,0); } }; // function: get data // input: a int number data with string // output: a double number b with string // 功能: 实现 sqrt 函数 string String::Sqrt_data( string data ,int weishu) { if(weishu < 0) weishu = 0; if(! String::Check_all_number(data)) { cout<<"exception of function _sqrt_data input"<<endl; return "NULL"; } String::Standardization(data); char r = String::Compare(data,"0"); if(r == '=') return "0"; else if(r == '<') { cout<<"exception of function _sqrt_data input"<<endl; } return _make_qujian(data,weishu); } // function: go larger // input: two int number a and b, and the int keyword key // output: a double number with string // 功能: 尝试找到一个区间使得 a^2 <= key <= b^2 string String::_make_qujian(string key,int weishu) { if( String::Compare(key,"0") == '>' && weishu >=0 ) { string s,b; int length = key.length()/2; // 偶数 if(key.length() % 2 == 0) { s = String::Pow_Int("10",String::Int_To_String(length-1)); b = String::Pow_Int("10",String::Int_To_String(length)); } // 奇数 else { s = String::Pow_Int("10",String::Int_To_String(length)); b = String::Pow_Int("10",String::Int_To_String(length+1)); } return _binary_search(s,b,key,weishu);// binary search } else { cout<<"exception of function _go_larger input"<<endl; return "NULL"; } } // function: binary search // input: two int numbers s and b, and the int keyword key // output: a double number with string // 功能: 实现sqrt函数，找到 r^2 == key string String::_binary_search(string s,string b,string key,int weishu) { if( String::Compare(s,"1")!= '<' && String::Compare(b,s) != '<' && weishu >= 0 ) { string s_2 = String::MULT_Int(s,s); string b_2 = String::MULT_Int(b,b); if(String::Compare(key,s_2) == '=') return s; if(String::Compare(key,b_2) == '=') return b; string zhong ,zhong_2,zhong2_2; char r ; while(String::Compare(s,b) != '>') { zhong = String::DIV_Int(String::ADD_Int(s,b) ,"2"); //zhong = s + (b-s)/2; zhong_2 = String::MULT_Int(zhong,zhong); r = String::Compare(zhong_2,key); if(r == '>') b = String::MINUS_Int(zhong,"1"); else if( r == '=' ) return zhong; else if(r == '<') { zhong2_2 = String::MULT_Int(String::ADD_Int(zhong,"1"),String::ADD_Int(zhong,"1")); r = String::Compare(zhong2_2,key); if(r == '>') return _get_perfect(zhong,key,weishu); else s = String::ADD_Int(zhong,"1"); } } } else { cout<<"exception of function _binary_search input"<<endl; } } // function: get perfect double // input: two strings with data and key // output: a string with result(data < result < data+1) ,and result^2 <= key // 功能: 实现整数开方精确到小数部分 string String::_get_perfect(string data,string key,int weishu) { int i = weishu; string d = data; string k = key; string result; std::pair<bool,string> r ; while(i > 0) { r = _get_more_number(d,k); if(r.first == true) break; else { d = r.second; k += "00"; } i--; } if(weishu != 0) result = data+"."+d.substr(data.length(),d.length()-data.length()); else result = data; return result; } // function: get more number // input: two string data and key ,(bigger) // output: a pair with <bool,string>,if(true) perfect string,or bad string // 功能: 进一步精确小数的位数 std::pair<bool,string> String::_get_more_number(string data,string key) { char s = '1',e ='9',zhong,guanxi1,guanxi2 ; key += "00" ; string r1,r2 ; r1 = String::MULT_Int((data+'9'),(data+'9')) ; guanxi1 = String::Compare(r1,key) ; if(guanxi1 == '<') return std::make_pair(false,data+'9'); else if(guanxi1 == '=') return std::make_pair(true,data+'9'); r1 = String::MULT_Int((data+'1'),(data+'1')); guanxi1 = String::Compare(r1,key); if(guanxi1 == '=') return std::make_pair(true,data+'1'); else if(guanxi1 == '>') return std::make_pair(false,data+'0'); while(s <= e) { zhong = (s+e)/2; r1 = String::MULT_Int((data+zhong),(data+zhong)); guanxi1 = String::Compare(r1,key); if(guanxi1 == '=') { return std::make_pair(true,data+zhong); } else if(guanxi1 == '>') e = zhong -1; else if(guanxi1 == '<') { r2 = String::MULT_Int((data+char(zhong+1)),(data+char(zhong+1))); guanxi2 = String::Compare(r2,key); if(guanxi2 == '>') return std::make_pair(false,data+zhong); else s = zhong+1; } } } // function: 求余操作 // input: two int number within string // output: a int number within string // 功能: 求出a%b string String::Qiuyu(string a,string b) { if(String::Compare(a,"0") != '>' || String::Compare(b,"0") != '>') return "error of function Qiuyu input"; string shang = String::DIV_Int(a,b); string chengji = String::MULT_Int(shang,b); return String::MINUS_Int(a,chengji); } // function: Qiu fanshu // input: a int number within string // output: a int number within string // 功能: 实现取反操作 string String::Qiu_fanshu(string a) { if(String::Check_all_number(a)) { String::Standardization(a); if(a[0] == '-') return a.substr(1,a.length()-1); else return ("-"+a) ; } else { cout<<"exception of function Qiu_fanshu input"<<endl; return "error"; } } // function: data to binary system // input: a int number within string // output: a fuhao wei within bool and a binary_system result with string // 功能 : 把一个十进制整数转换成二进制数 std::pair<bool,string> String::Data_to_Binary_system(string data) { if(String::Check_all_number(data)) { String::Standardization(data); string result = ""; if(String::Compare(data,"0") == '=') return std::make_pair(false,"0"); bool fushu = false; if(String::Compare(data,"0") == '<') { data = String::Qiu_fanshu(data); fushu = true; } while(String::Compare(data,"0") == '>') { result = String::Qiuyu(data,"2") + result ; data = String::DIV_Int(data,"2"); } return std::make_pair(fushu,result); } else { cout<<"exception of function Data_to_Binary_system input"<<endl; return make_pair(true,"error"); } }
test.cpp#include<iostream> #include<fstream> #include"mine_string.h" using namespace std; // function: _gossip // input: a int number with gossip's rows // output: void // 功能: 构造一个row = n 的gossip，并输出 void _Gossip(int n); // function: main int main() { int n ; cout<<"please input the number of gossip rows"<<endl; while(cin>>n) { _Gossip(n); cout<<"please input the number of gossip rows"<<endl; } system("pause"); return 0; } // function: _gossip // input: a int number with gossip's rows // output: void // 功能: 构造一个row = n 的gossip，并输出 void _Gossip(int n) { if(n > 0) { // first action: get space string ** data = new string*[n]; for(int i = 0;i<n;i++) data[i] = new string[i+1]; // second action: get data for gossip data[0][0] = "1"; for(int i=0;i < n;i++) { data[i][0] = "1" ; for(int j = 1; j<i; j++) { data[i][j] = String::ADD_Int(data[i-1][j-1],data[i-1][j]); } data[i][i] = "1" ; } // third action: output the data into a file ofstream writer; writer.open("gosssip.txt"); writer.clear(); cout<<"gossip follows"<<endl; for(int i =0;i<n;i++) { for(int j =0;j<i+1;j++) writer<<data[i][j]<<' '; writer<<"\n"; } cout<<"data output over"<<endl; writer.close(); } else { cout<<"exception of function _gossip input"<<endl; } }
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