I、常见系动词错误及其成因：
学英语的中国学生在使用系动词时会碰到以下两个问题：一是有漏掉系动词的倾向性，因为汉语中无系动词，如：
I afraid he won’t come tomorrow(am)
二是误用系动词，如：
His hair changed grey .(混淆了change 与turn，grow)
His hands feel coldly.(feel本身作系动词与实义动词的差别不清)
这主要是因为学生没有把英语中的系动词与实义动词的用法区分开来。二者结构区别如下表，其后所接词性不尽相同，成份也不同。
II.系动词分类：
一、根据系动词后所跟结构，我们可以把英语系动词分为两大类：完全系动词（其后只能跟表语的动词，如be, seem）和半系动词（其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look）
He looked sad at the news.（“看起来”，系动词用法）
例如：1）
He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”，实义动词用法)
He looks a clever boy .（“看起来”，系动词用法）
2）
He looks at a clever boy.（“看着”，实义动词用法）
在英语中，某一动词是多义词，既有实义动词用法，又有系动词用法。学生务必弄清其二者区别。切忌把二者混为一谈，这也是会考、高考常见考点。此类常见易混词有：
change listen look touch
① turn ② hear ③ see ④
become sound seem feel
eat continue last remain
⑤ ⑥ ⑦ continue ⑧ stay
taste keep remain leave
二、根据系动词的意义，我们把英语系动词分为四类：
A．五大感官系动词 B．状态系动词
C．动态系动词 D．双谓语系动词
A．五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。
1．look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。
The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.
这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。
2．smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。
The flowers smell sweet.
这些花气味真香。
3．sound“听起来”，后接adj./分词。
The music sounds sweet.
这首诗听起来真悦耳。
4．taste“尝起来”，后接adj./分词。
The apples taste very good.
这些苹果很好吃。
5．feel①“摸起来，给……感觉”；②“觉得”，后接adj./p.p.
The silk feels very soft.
丝绸摸起来很滑。
You will feel better after a night’s sleep.
睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。
B．状态系动词：
1．be，“是”，属完全系动词。
I am a student.
我是一个学生。
2．seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。
They seem quite happy.
他们似乎很快乐。
3．appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。
He appeared tired and sleepy.
他显得疲倦而且好像要睡觉了。
It appeared(to be)a true story.
看来这是一个真实的故事。
The river appears as if enveloped in smog.
这条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。
Now it appears to me that he may play an important part in settling the problem.
在我看来，他可能在解决这个问题中起着重要作用。
4．keep, “保持……的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。
You’d better go to bed and keep warm.
你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。
5．remain,“仍是”，半系动词。
I remained silent.
我仍然缄默。
6．stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。
The window stayed open all the night.
7.prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj./n.
The treatment proved to be successful.
这种疗法证明是成功的。
C．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。
1．get“变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。
The days are getting longer and longer.
白天变得越来越长了。
The train didn’t get going again.
火车还没重新启动。
It’s nothing to get excited about.
没啥可因此而激动的。
My watch gets out of order.
我的表出毛病了。
2．fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：
asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.
The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent.
那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。
My father fell ill and died.
我的父亲生病死了。
3．grow“渐渐变得……起来，长得”
You will grow used to it.
你逐渐会习惯的。
It’s growing warm.
天气渐渐暖和起来了。
4．turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。
Maple trees turn red in autumn.
枫叶在秋天变红了。
It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.
今天早上是阴天，幸好已经转晴了。
He has turned writer.
他已成为一个作家。
（注意：此时writer之前无冠词a.）
5．go，“变成（某种坏的状态）”
The telephone has gone dead.
电话不通了。
The tire went flat.
轮胎瘪了。
The material has gone a funny colour.
这料子的颜色变得奇怪了。
The thieves must not go unpunished.
决不能让这些盗贼逍遥法外。
go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。.
6．become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”
He became angry with me.
他对我生气了。
It became dark.天气晚了。
They became good friends.
他们成了好朋友。
I became interested in drawing.
我开始对素描感兴趣了。
7．come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。
His wish to become a pilot has come true.
他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。
If you look into the matter, everything will come clear.
如果你调查一下这事，一切都会清楚。
My shoelaces have come undone.
我的鞋带松了。
后面常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵），natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住），untied（松开）。
8．run,“变成”，后接adj.
The well has run dry.
这井已经变干了。
The price ran high.
价格上升了。
9．make，“达到某种状态[后接形容词]，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free
We must make certain of facts.
我们一定要弄清事实。
The Children make free with the apples.
孩子们随便吃苹果。
D．双谓语系动词
此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：
The run rose red.
太阳升起红艳艳。
She stopped and stood quite still.
她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。
The book lay open on the table.
那书在桌子上打开着。
The snow lay thick on the ground.
雪厚厚地堆积在地上。
He married young.
他结婚很早。
The window blew open.
窗户吹开了。
The dog has broken loose.
狗挣脱锁链了。
She blushed as red as a peony.
她的脸红得像一朵牡丹花。
Lei Feng died young.
雷锋早逝。
The material has worn thin.
这种布料已穿薄了。
The weather continued calm.
天气仍然平静。
He continued silent.
他继续沉默不语。
III．系动词用法应注意的八个问题
1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。
一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：
He is being kind.
他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）
二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：
I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）
我希望你保持健康。
Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）
你感觉好了些吗？
试比较：
Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）
你的手摸起来冰凉。
不可以说：
Your hand is feeling cold.(×)
但可以说：
The doctor is feeling her pulse.
（有意识的动态动作）
医生正在给她拿脉。
The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）
这汤的味道不错。
The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）
厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。
①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。
The camels can smell the water a mile off.
骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。
②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。
The girl is smelling the flower.
这姑娘正在闻那朵花。
③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。
The dinner smells good.
这饭菜闻起来真香。
2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。例如：
He is growing taller and taller.
他长得越来越高了。
Our life is getting better and better.
我们的生活是越来越好了。
The things are getting worse.
情况是越来越糟了。
3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。
英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：
不能说：
The apple is tasted good.
（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）
但我们可以说：
The apple is tasted by me.
这苹果被我尝了一下。
（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）
因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。
4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题
英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：
①不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.
应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.
②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.
应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.
或It is two years since he turned writer.
③不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.
应改为：He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）
系动词除了接adj./n./prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：
①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：
It looks as if we are going to have snow.
看样子天要下雪了。
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。
She felt as if her head were splitting.
她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。
The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。
It seems as if it were spring already.
好像已是春天了。
②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。
It appeared that he was talking to himself.
好像他在自言自语。
③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
Her job is to look after the children.
她的工作是照料孩子们。
He seems not to look after the children.
他好像不是她的父亲。
He looks to be a young girl of twenty.
他看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。
He didn’t appear to dislike it.
看不出他憎恨此事。
My advice proved to be wrong.
我的建议证明是错误的。
He will grow to like this work gradually.
他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。
④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.
There appeared to be only one room.
那儿好像只有一个房间。
There seems(to be)no need to go.
似乎没有必要走。
6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.
举例说明：
It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.
= It seems that we can’t get our money back.
He seems not to be her father.
= He doesn’t seem to be her father.
The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.
= The baby appears not to be awake.
7．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构
能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。
Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：
1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。
Last night I got caught in the downpour.
昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）
The new car got scratched.
新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）
2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
John got wounded while playing football last Saturday.
约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。
They got married last month.
他们上个月结婚了。
另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。
8．几组易混系动词的区别
系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较，一是其意义，二是其结构。
1）get, become, go, turn, grow“变成”；
get： “变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语，但不能与名词直接连用。
become：“变成，成为（好坏情况均可）。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语，不能与不定式连用。
go： “变成（某种由好到坏的情况）”，后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。
Turn： “转变成”强调与原来不同的、新的变化，如变质、变色等。后接形容词、不带冠词的名词作表语，后不接不定式。
grow： “逐渐变得……”，强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定式，不可直接跟名词。
以上词的例子见前面相关词例。
2）look, seem, appear“好像”
①三者作系动词时在意义上的区别：
look：“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合，侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。
seem ：“似乎，好像”，指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。
Appear：“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中，指某事物或人给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。
例如：
He looks like his father. （指其长相看起来相像）
He seems like his father. （指说话人从个性方面得到的判断）
He appears like his father.（指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象）
②三者作系动词时在结构上的区别：
现列表分析三者之后所接成份（可带者打“√”，不可接者打“×”）。
例句见前面相关词例。
3）keep, remain, stay“保持……状态”
①keep系动词用时“保持……状态”，后接adj.或介词短语其后常见：alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy,firm in one’s stand等。
Have you kept well all these years?
这些年来你身体好么？
I hope it will keep fine.
我希望天气继续好下去。
In order to keep fit, all students go in for sports.
为了保持健康，所有学生都参加体育运动。
We’d better keep in touch.
我们最好保持联系。
②remain，系动词“仍然存在……状态”，后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语，强调某种状态前后无变化。
The door remained closed.
门仍然关着。
Kosovo intensity remained high.
科索沃局势仍然高度紧张。
Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.
彼得当了法官，而约翰依旧是渔民。
Your room remains like this.
你的房间依旧是这样子。
③stay，作系动词用时“保持……状态”，后接形容词、分词。
That fellow stayed single.
那个小伙子仍保持单身。
The door stayed closed.
门一直关着（无比较的持续状态）
It’s easy to stay hidden.
躲起来很容易。
Please stay seated.
请继续坐着。
后常接的形容词有：calm, clean, fresh, healthy, tight, young, open, awake, still, warm, fine, as high as…,常可与keep互换。如：
Stay/keep calm(clean, fine, healthy, awake等)
IV.系动词与高考及其练习
1.系动词出现于单项选择题中
①The story sounds_________________(MET 89)
A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true
②Those oranges taste__________(MET 91)
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
③---Are you feeling___________?
---Yes, I’m fine now/(NMET92)
A. any well B. any better
C. quite good D. quite better
④----Can I join the club, Dad.
----You can when you _________a bit older.(NMET 94)
A. get B. will get C. get D. will have got
⑤---Do you like the material?
----Yes, it _______very soft.(NMET 94)
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
⑥I love to go to the seaside on Summer. It_____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.(NMET 96)
A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes
⑦Cleaning women in big cities usually get _______by the hour.(NMET 98)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
⑧Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _____ for several days.(NMET2003）
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
(以上七题答案分别如下：1.D, 2.A, 3.B, 4.A, 5.C, 6.B, 7.C, 8.B)
2.系动词与短文改错
（NMET 96）
They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(were)
(NMET 97)
I’d like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.(be)
3.系动词巩固练习
选择填空：请在A、B、C、D四个选基中选出正确答案。
①What you have said_______.
A．is sounded interesting B．sounds interesting
C．sound interested D．listens interested
②The class begins. Please keep________.
A．silent B．silence C．the silence D．silently
③Look! Several people in the crowd seemed_______.
A．to be fighting B．to have fought
C．being fought D．having fought
④How _____the song she sings sounds! I have never ______a better voice.
A．beautifully, sounded B．beautiful, sounded
C．sweet, listened to D．sweet, heard
⑤Her feeling about the marriage ______rather strange.
A．is looked B．is seemed
C．seems D．is appeared
⑥The new shirt______ right.
A．doesn’t feel B．isn’t felt
C．isn’t feeling D．doesn’t touch
⑦How happy it_______ for me to be home again after twenty years abroad!
A．gives B．feels C．is felt D．is given
⑧John _____driver since two months ago.
A．became a B．has become a
C．has turned D．has been a
⑨He _____he felt very _______over the death of the boy.
A．seemed that, sad B．seemed as if, sadly
C．looked as though, sad D．looked that, sadness
⑩The ice_____ thick on the river.
A．is lain B．lay C．laid D．lie
(其答案分别是：1——5：BAADC，6——10：ABDCB)
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