目录
1. 引言
平时看代码英文注释时,通常都是一些很短的句子,很容易知道它所表达的意思,即使一些单词不认识,用翻译软件查询之后,也不会影响阅读。但是偶尔会遇到一些复杂的长句子,这些句子会包含状语、宾语、多个从句等等,往往读一遍比较很难明确理解它的意思,甚至在用了谷歌、百度、有道这些翻译软件,它们给出的结果也不尽相同。之前在学习英语的过程中,也往往在单词和听力上发力,忽视底层语法结构,而英语恰恰是注重语法的,导致我的英语听写能力无法突破,即使能看懂一些复杂句子,也不明白为啥这样写,还是按照中文思维来理解。
在英语语法背后的是英语思维,跳过英语语法,只能学到简单的英文,要想用英语思维学习英文,英语语法是必不可少的。
2. 英语基本句型
英文句子有长有短,一个单词或者一个短语都可以成为一个句子,而通常用到的完整句子有以下五种基本句型:
1)主(语) + 谓(语动词)
2)主(语) + 系(动词) + 表(语)
3)主(语) + 谓(语动词) + 宾(语)
4)主(语) + 谓(语动词)+ 间宾(间接宾语) + 直宾(直接宾语)
5)主(语) + 谓(语动词)+ 宾(语) + 宾补(宾语补足语)
2.1. 主谓
主谓结构为:主语+谓语动词。主语可以是名词、代词、不定式、动名词等等;谓语动词为不及物动词,如:
I ran.(I 是主语, ran 是谓语动词,ran为过去式)
You are kidding.(You 是主语, are Kidding 是谓语动词,使用了现在进行时)
I laughed.(I 是主语,laughed 是谓语动词,laughed为过去式)
主谓扩展,分两种情况,一种是补语修饰主语,即主语补足语;另一种是状语修饰谓语动词。
补语修饰主语:
He was caught stealing.(stealing 是He的补语,表示:He was stealing)
The car was found broken. (broken 是car的补语,表示:The car was broken)
He was called James.(James 是He的补语,表示:He was James)
状语修饰谓语动词状语:
I ran in home. (in home 是状语, 说明 ran 的位置)
I laughed loudly. (loudly 是状语, 修饰 laughed 的程度)
I sat down to have a rest. (to have a rest 是状语,表示 sat down 的目的)
We will go swimming. (swimming 是状语,表示 go 的目的)
2.2. 主系表
主系表结构为:主语 + 系动词 + 表语。主语可以是名词、代词、不定式、动名词等等;系动词为辅助动词,分为状态系动词(be)、持续系动词(keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等)、表像系动词(seem, appear, look等)、感官系动词(feel, sound, smell, taste等)、变化系动词(become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run)、终止系动词(prove, turn out);表语可以是名词、形容词、介词短语、动名词、从句等; 如:
My hobby is to travel. (My hobby 是主语, is 是状态系动词,to travel 是表语)
He felt ill. (He 是主语, felt 是感官系动词, ill 是表语)
The plan turn out a success. (The plan 是主语, turn out 是终止系动词, a success 是表语)
My trouble is that i failed a test. (My trouble 是主语, is 是状态系动词, that i failed a test 是表语)
注意:主系表是特殊的主谓结构,系动词 + 表语 = 谓语,如:
I am happy to go with you. (to go with you 作状语,修饰 am happy 的原因)
I am busy in doing my homework. (in doing my homework 作状语,修饰 am busy 的原因)
I am afraid of dogs. (of dogs 作状语,修饰 am afraid 的方面)
2.3. 主谓宾
主谓宾结构为:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语。主语可以是名词、代词、不定式、动名词等等;谓语动词为及物单宾动词;宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句等等;如:
The teacher teaches English. (The teacher 是主语, teaches 是谓语动词, English 是宾语)
I don't konw what to do. (I 是主语, don't konw 是复合谓语动词,what to do 是宾语从句)[ 类似的谓语动词:ask, decide, find out, forget, know 等等]
I decide to help him. (I 是主语, decide 是谓语动词, to help him 是宾语)[ 类似的谓语动词:decide, hope, learn, need promise want 等等 ]
The child enjoys playing games. (The child 是主语, enjoys 是谓语动词, playing games 是宾语)[ 类似的谓语动词:advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise 等等]
I think that she might be right. (I 是主语, think 是谓语动词, that she might be right 是宾语从句)[ 类似的谓语动词:hope, konw, notice, think, wonder 等等]
2.4. 主谓双宾
主谓双宾结构为:主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。主语可以是名词、代词、不定式、动名词等等;谓语动词为及物双宾动词;间接宾语为名词或者宾格代词;直接宾语可以是名词、代词、数次、不定式等等;如:
He gave me a book. (He 是主语, gave 是谓语动词, me是间接宾语, a book 是直接宾语)
She bought me a car. (She 是主语, bought 是谓语动词, me是间接宾语, a car 是直接宾语)
He paid me the bill. (He 是主语, paid 是谓语动词, me是间接宾语, the bill 是直接宾语)
类似的双宾及物动词有:give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, point, play, save, spare, order, sing, find 等。
注意:主谓双宾的句型可以添加介词to/for 进行变形,但是变形之后的语句不再是主谓双宾的句型,而是形成 主谓宾 + 状语的句型,如:
He gave a book to me. (He 是主语, gave 是谓语动词, a book 是宾语, to me 作状语修饰 gave 的结果)
She bought a car for me. (She 是主语, bought 是谓语动词, a car 是宾语, for me 做状语修饰 bought 的目的)
2.5. 主谓宾宾补
主谓宾宾补结构为:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。主语可以是名词、代词、不定式、动名词等等;谓语动词为及物宾补动词;宾语可以是名词、代词、数次、不定式等等;宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、介词短语等等。宾语补足语是对宾语的说明,没有没有宾语补足语,句子的意思将不完整。如:
We call him James. (We 是主语, call 是谓语动词, him 是宾语, James 是宾语补足语,解释 him 的名字 )[ 类似的谓语动词: find, call, make, name 等等]
I find the car broken. (I 是主语, find 是谓语动词, the car 是宾语, broken 是宾语补足语,修饰 the car 的状态 )[ 类似的谓语动词: cut, find, keep, leave, paint, make, see, wash 等等]
She saw the boy playing the basketball. (She 是主语, saw 是谓语动词, the boy 是宾语, playing the basketball 是宾语补足语,说明 the boy 的动作)[ 类似的谓语动词: feel, see, notice, call 等等]
I told you to leave. (I 是主语, told 是谓语动词, you 是宾语, to leave 是宾语补足语,说明 you 的动作)[ 类似的谓语动词: ask, want, invite, tell, wish, warn 等等]
The teacher made the students finish the homework. (The teacher 是主语, made 是谓语动词, the students 是宾语, finish the homework 是宾语补足语,说明 the students 的动作)[ 类似的谓语动词: have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch 等等]
3. 注意事项
3.1. 主谓宾宾补和主谓宾(主补)
主谓宾宾补可以和主谓宾(主补)互相转换,句型为主动语态时是主谓宾宾补句型,句型为被动语态时是主谓宾(主补),如:
We call him James. (主动语态的主谓宾宾补,We 是主语, call 是谓语动词, him 是宾语, James 是宾语补足语,解释 him 的名字)
He was called James. (被动语态的主谓宾主补句型,James 是He的补语,表示:He was James)
I find the car broken. (主动语态的主谓宾宾补,I 是主语, find 是谓语动词, the car 是宾语, broken 是宾语补足语,修饰 the car 的状态 )
The car was found broken. (被动语态的主谓宾主补句型,broken 是 The car 的补语,表示:The car was broken)
3.2. 相同形式句子不同句型
相同形式的句子根据其语义和谓语动词种类分为不同句型,如:
I have the key to open the door. (主谓宾 + 定语,to open the door 作定语修饰 the key)
I wish the key to open the door. (主谓宾宾补, to open the door 作宾补修饰 the key, 说明 the key 的作用)
I used the key to open the door. (主谓宾 + 状语, to open the door 作状语修饰 used 的结果)
上面的三个句子都是 动词 + 名词 + 不定式 形式的句子,但是它们不是相同的句型,第一句中的 have 意思是“拥有”,是及物单宾动词,to open the door 不会修饰动词 have,所以修饰宾语 the key,然后去掉 to open the door 之后变为 I have the key,句子意思不受影响,所以修饰 the key 的 to open the door 不是宾语补足语,而是定语; 第二句中的 wish 是"希望",使用了固定短语 wish sb/sth to do, 所以此处的 wish 是及物宾补动词,去掉 to open the door 之后变为 I wish the key,句子意思不完整,所以该句型是主谓宾宾补; 第三句的 used 意思是“使用”,虽然和第一句一样也是及物单宾动词,但该句强调了“打开门的结果”,而不是 “使用” 的动作,所以 to open the door 作状语强调 used 的结果。
3.3. 相同动词不同句型
have有多种含义,既可以作为及物单宾动词、也可以作为及物宾补动词。
have :“拥有”,行为动词 ,作为及物单宾动词,如:
I have homework to do. (主谓宾 + 定语,to do 作定语修饰 homework,另外to do 是主动语态,说明 逻辑主语 I 要完成homework)
I have homework to be done. (主谓宾 + 定语,to do 作定语修饰 homework,另外to do 是被动语态,说明其他人要替代 逻辑主语 I 完成homework)
have :“让,使,经历”,使役动词,作为及物宾补动词,如:
The teacher have us do our homework. (主谓宾宾补,翻译为:老师让我们做家庭作业,do our homework 作宾补说明 us 的动作)
The teacher have us doing our homework. (主谓宾宾补,翻译为:老师让我们一直做家庭作业,doing our homework 作宾补说明 us 的动作)
I have homework done. (主谓宾宾补,翻译为:我已经完成了家庭作业,done 作宾补说明 homework 的状态)
4. 总结
一些简单语句很容易判断句型,但是上面的例子中,有些形式相同或者动词相同句型变化很大,所以需要综合动词分类和句子语义来综合分析句型,特别是复杂长句子,如果句型判断错误,可能获取的信息会有歧义。所以需要在实际操作中要注意句型分析,不能只单单关注每个单词。
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