-------------------------文本预处理---------------------------
#读入文本
import collections import re def read_time_machine(): with open('/home/kesci/input/timemachine7163/timemachine.txt', 'r') as f: lines = [re.sub('[^a-z]+', ' ', line.strip().lower()) for line in f] return lines lines = read_time_machine() print('# sentences %d' % len(lines))
#分词(我们对每个句子进行分词,也就是将一个句子划分成若干个词(token),转换为一个词的序列。)
def tokenize(sentences, token='word'): """Split sentences into word or char tokens""" if token == 'word': return [sentence.split(' ') for sentence in sentences] elif token == 'char': return [list(sentence) for sentence in sentences] else: print('ERROR: unkown token type '+token) tokens = tokenize(lines) tokens[0:2]
#建立字典(为了方便模型处理,我们需要将字符串转换为数字。因此我们需要先构建一个字典(vocabulary),将每个词映射到一个唯一的索引编号。)
class Vocab(object): def __init__(self, tokens, min_freq=0, use_special_tokens=False): counter = count_corpus(tokens) # : self.token_freqs = list(counter.items()) self.idx_to_token = [] if use_special_tokens: # padding, begin of sentence, end of sentence, unknown self.pad, self.bos, self.eos, self.unk = (0, 1, 2, 3) self.idx_to_token += ['', '', '', ''] else: self.unk = 0 self.idx_to_token += [''] self.idx_to_token += [token for token, freq in self.token_freqs if freq >= min_freq and token not in self.idx_to_token] self.token_to_idx = dict() for idx, token in enumerate(self.idx_to_token): self.token_to_idx[token] = idx def __len__(self): return len(self.idx_to_token) def __getitem__(self, tokens): if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)): return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk) return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens] def to_tokens(self, indices): if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)): return self.idx_to_token[indices] return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices] def count_corpus(sentences): tokens = [tk for st in sentences for tk in st] return collections.Counter(tokens) # 返回一个字典,记录每个词的出现次数
#将词转为索引
#使用字典,我们可以将原文本中的句子从单词序列转换为索引序列
for i in range(8, 10): print('words:', tokens[i]) print('indices:', vocab[tokens[i]])
#用现有工具进行分词
text = "Mr. Chen doesn't agree with my suggestion."
import spacy nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm') doc = nlp(text) print([token.text for token in doc])
#NLTK
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize from nltk import data data.path.append('/home/kesci/input/nltk_data3784/nltk_data') print(word_tokenize(text))
------------------------------------------语言模型n-gram----------------------
with open('/home/kesci/input/jaychou_lyrics4703/jaychou_lyrics.txt') as f: corpus_chars = f.read() print(len(corpus_chars)) print(corpus_chars[: 40]) corpus_chars = corpus_chars.replace('\n', ' ').replace('\r', ' ') corpus_chars = corpus_chars[: 10000]
#建立字符索引
idx_to_char = list(set(corpus_chars)) # 去重,得到索引到字符的映射 char_to_idx = {char: i for i, char in enumerate(idx_to_char)} # 字符到索引的映射 vocab_size = len(char_to_idx) print(vocab_size) corpus_indices = [char_to_idx[char] for char in corpus_chars] # 将每个字符转化为索引,得到一个索引的序列 sample = corpus_indices[: 20]
def load_data_jay_lyrics(): with open('/home/kesci/input/jaychou_lyrics4703/jaychou_lyrics.txt') as f: corpus_chars = f.read() corpus_chars = corpus_chars.replace('\n', ' ').replace('\r', ' ') corpus_chars = corpus_chars[0:10000] idx_to_char = list(set(corpus_chars)) char_to_idx = dict([(char, i) for i, char in enumerate(idx_to_char)]) vocab_size = len(char_to_idx) corpus_indices = [char_to_idx[char] for char in corpus_chars] return corpus_indices, char_to_idx, idx_to_char, vocab_size
#随机采样
import torch import random def data_iter_random(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device=None): # 减1是因为对于长度为n的序列,X最多只有包含其中的前n - 1个字符 num_examples = (len(corpus_indices) - 1) // num_steps # 下取整,得到不重叠情况下的样本个数 example_indices = [i * num_steps for i in range(num_examples)] # 每个样本的第一个字符在corpus_indices中的下标 random.shuffle(example_indices) def _data(i): # 返回从i开始的长为num_steps的序列 return corpus_indices[i: i + num_steps] if device is None: device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu') for i in range(0, num_examples, batch_size): # 每次选出batch_size个随机样本 batch_indices = example_indices[i: i + batch_size] # 当前batch的各个样本的首字符的下标 X = [_data(j) for j in batch_indices] Y = [_data(j + 1) for j in batch_indices] yield torch.tensor(X, device=device), torch.tensor(Y, device=device)
#测试
my_seq = list(range(30)) for X, Y in data_iter_random(my_seq, batch_size=2, num_steps=6): print('X: ', X, '\nY:', Y, '\n')
print('chars:', ''.join([idx_to_char[idx] for idx in sample])) print('indices:', sample)
相邻采样
def data_iter_consecutive(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device=None): if device is None: device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu') corpus_len = len(corpus_indices) // batch_size * batch_size # 保留下来的序列的长度 corpus_indices = corpus_indices[: corpus_len] # 仅保留前corpus_len个字符 indices = torch.tensor(corpus_indices, device=device) indices = indices.view(batch_size, -1) # resize成(batch_size, ) batch_num = (indices.shape[1] - 1) // num_steps for i in range(batch_num): i = i * num_steps X = indices[:, i: i + num_steps] Y = indices[:, i + 1: i + num_steps + 1] yield X, Y
for X, Y in data_iter_consecutive(my_seq, batch_size=2, num_steps=6): print('X: ', X, '\nY:', Y, '\n')
-----------------------------循环神经网络-----------------------------------------
#从零开始实现循环神经网络
import torch import torch.nn as nn import time import math import sys sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input") import d2l_jay9460 as d2l (corpus_indices, char_to_idx, idx_to_char, vocab_size) = d2l.load_data_jay_lyrics() device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
#one-hot向量(我们需要将字符表示成向量,这里采用one-hot向量。假设词典大小是NN,每次字符对应一个从00到N−1N−1的唯一的索引,则该字符的向量是一个长度为NN的向量,若字符的索引是ii,则该向量的第ii个位置为11,其他位置为00。下面分别展示了索引为0和2的one-hot向量,向量长度等于词典大小。)
def one_hot(x, n_class, dtype=torch.float32): result = torch.zeros(x.shape[0], n_class, dtype=dtype, device=x.device) # shape: (n, n_class) result.scatter_(1, x.long().view(-1, 1), 1) # result[i, x[i, 0]] = 1 return result x = torch.tensor([0, 2]) x_one_hot = one_hot(x, vocab_size) print(x_one_hot) print(x_one_hot.shape) print(x_one_hot.sum(axis=1))
#我们每次采样的小批量的形状是(批量大小, 时间步数)。下面的函数将这样的小批量变换成数个形状为(批量大小, 词典大小)的矩阵,矩阵个数等于时间步数。也就是说,时间步tt的输入为Xt∈Rn×dXt∈Rn×d,其中nn为批量大小,dd为词向量大小,即one-hot向量长度(词典大小)。
def to_onehot(X, n_class): return [one_hot(X[:, i], n_class) for i in range(X.shape[1])] X = torch.arange(10).view(2, 5) inputs = to_onehot(X, vocab_size) print(len(inputs), inputs[0].shape)
#初始化模型参数¶
num_inputs, num_hiddens, num_outputs = vocab_size, 256, vocab_size # num_inputs: d # num_hiddens: h, 隐藏单元的个数是超参数 # num_outputs: q def get_params(): def _one(shape): param = torch.zeros(shape, device=device, dtype=torch.float32) nn.init.normal_(param, 0, 0.01) return torch.nn.Parameter(param) # 隐藏层参数 W_xh = _one((num_inputs, num_hiddens)) W_hh = _one((num_hiddens, num_hiddens)) b_h = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device)) # 输出层参数 W_hq = _one((num_hiddens, num_outputs)) b_q = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device)) return (W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q)
#定义模型(函数rnn
用循环的方式依次完成循环神经网络每个时间步的计算。)
def rnn(inputs, state, params): # inputs和outputs皆为num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵 W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q = params H, = state outputs = [] for X in inputs: H = torch.tanh(torch.matmul(X, W_xh) + torch.matmul(H, W_hh) + b_h) Y = torch.matmul(H, W_hq) + b_q outputs.append(Y) return outputs, (H,)
#函数init_rnn_state初始化隐藏变量,这里的返回值是一个元组。
def init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device): return (torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device), )
print(X.shape) print(num_hiddens) print(vocab_size) state = init_rnn_state(X.shape[0], num_hiddens, device) inputs = to_onehot(X.to(device), vocab_size) params = get_params() outputs, state_new = rnn(inputs, state, params) print(len(inputs), inputs[0].shape) print(len(outputs), outputs[0].shape) print(len(state), state[0].shape) print(len(state_new), state_new[0].shape)
裁剪梯度
循环神经网络中较容易出现梯度衰减或梯度爆炸,这会导致网络几乎无法训练。裁剪梯度(clip gradient)是一种应对梯度爆炸的方法。假设我们把所有模型参数的梯度拼接成一个向量 gg,并设裁剪的阈值是θθ。裁剪后的梯度
min(θ∥g∥,1)gmin(θ‖g‖,1)g
的L2L2范数不超过θθ。
def grad_clipping(params, theta, device): norm = torch.tensor([0.0], device=device) for param in params: norm += (param.grad.data ** 2).sum() norm = norm.sqrt().item() if norm > theta: for param in params: param.grad.data *= (theta / norm)
#定义预测函数
以下函数基于前缀prefix
(含有数个字符的字符串)来预测接下来的num_chars
个字符。这个函数稍显复杂,其中我们将循环神经单元rnn
设置成了函数参数,这样在后面小节介绍其他循环神经网络时能重复使用这个函数。
def predict_rnn(prefix, num_chars, rnn, params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx): state = init_rnn_state(1, num_hiddens, device) output = [char_to_idx[prefix[0]]] # output记录prefix加上预测的num_chars个字符 for t in range(num_chars + len(prefix) - 1): # 将上一时间步的输出作为当前时间步的输入 X = to_onehot(torch.tensor([[output[-1]]], device=device), vocab_size) # 计算输出和更新隐藏状态 (Y, state) = rnn(X, state, params) # 下一个时间步的输入是prefix里的字符或者当前的最佳预测字符 if t < len(prefix) - 1: output.append(char_to_idx[prefix[t + 1]]) else: output.append(Y[0].argmax(dim=1).item()) return ''.join([idx_to_char[i] for i in output])
predict_rnn('分开', 10, rnn, params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx)
def train_and_predict_rnn(rnn, get_params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx, is_random_iter, num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes): if is_random_iter: data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_random else: data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_consecutive params = get_params() loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() for epoch in range(num_epochs): if not is_random_iter: # 如使用相邻采样,在epoch开始时初始化隐藏状态 state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device) l_sum, n, start = 0.0, 0, time.time() data_iter = data_iter_fn(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device) for X, Y in data_iter: if is_random_iter: # 如使用随机采样,在每个小批量更新前初始化隐藏状态 state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device) else: # 否则需要使用detach函数从计算图分离隐藏状态 for s in state: s.detach_() # inputs是num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵 inputs = to_onehot(X, vocab_size) # outputs有num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵 (outputs, state) = rnn(inputs, state, params) # 拼接之后形状为(num_steps * batch_size, vocab_size) outputs = torch.cat(outputs, dim=0) # Y的形状是(batch_size, num_steps),转置后再变成形状为 # (num_steps * batch_size,)的向量,这样跟输出的行一一对应 y = torch.flatten(Y.T) # 使用交叉熵损失计算平均分类误差 l = loss(outputs, y.long()) # 梯度清0 if params[0].grad is not None: for param in params: param.grad.data.zero_() l.backward() grad_clipping(params, clipping_theta, device) # 裁剪梯度 d2l.sgd(params, lr, 1) # 因为误差已经取过均值,梯度不用再做平均 l_sum += l.item() * y.shape[0] n += y.shape[0] if (epoch + 1) % pred_period == 0: print('epoch %d, perplexity %f, time %.2f sec' % ( epoch + 1, math.exp(l_sum / n), time.time() - start)) for prefix in prefixes: print(' -', predict_rnn(prefix, pred_len, rnn, params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx))
#训练模型并创作歌词
现在我们可以训练模型了。首先,设置模型超参数。我们将根据前缀“分开”和“不分开”分别创作长度为50个字符(不考虑前缀长度)的一段歌词。我们每过50个迭代周期便根据当前训练的模型创作一段歌词。
num_epochs, num_steps, batch_size, lr, clipping_theta = 250, 35, 32, 1e2, 1e-2 pred_period, pred_len, prefixes = 50, 50, ['分开', '不分开']
train_and_predict_rnn(rnn, get_params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx, True, num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)
train_and_predict_rnn(rnn, get_params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx, False, num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)
循环神经网络的简介实现
定义模型
我们使用Pytorch中的nn.RNN
来构造循环神经网络。在本节中,我们主要关注nn.RNN
的以下几个构造函数参数:
input_size
- The number of expected features in the input xhidden_size
– The number of features in the hidden state hnonlinearity
– The non-linearity to use. Can be either 'tanh' or 'relu'. Default: 'tanh'batch_first
– If True, then the input and output tensors are provided as (batch_size, num_steps, input_size). Default: False
这里的batch_first
决定了输入的形状,我们使用默认的参数False
,对应的输入形状是 (num_steps, batch_size, input_size)。
forward
函数的参数为:
input
of shape (num_steps, batch_size, input_size): tensor containing the features of the input sequence.h_0
of shape (num_layers * num_directions, batch_size, hidden_size): tensor containing the initial hidden state for each element in the batch. Defaults to zero if not provided. If the RNN is bidirectional, num_directions should be 2, else it should be 1.
forward
函数的返回值是:
output
of shape (num_steps, batch_size, num_directions * hidden_size): tensor containing the output features (h_t) from the last layer of the RNN, for each t.h_n
of shape (num_layers * num_directions, batch_size, hidden_size): tensor containing the hidden state for t = num_steps.
现在我们构造一个nn.RNN
实例,并用一个简单的例子来看一下输出的形状。
rnn_layer = nn.RNN(input_size=vocab_size, hidden_size=num_hiddens) num_steps, batch_size = 35, 2 X = torch.rand(num_steps, batch_size, vocab_size) state = None Y, state_new = rnn_layer(X, state) print(Y.shape, state_new.shape)
class RNNModel(nn.Module): def __init__(self, rnn_layer, vocab_size): super(RNNModel, self).__init__() self.rnn = rnn_layer self.hidden_size = rnn_layer.hidden_size * (2 if rnn_layer.bidirectional else 1) self.vocab_size = vocab_size self.dense = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, vocab_size) def forward(self, inputs, state): # inputs.shape: (batch_size, num_steps) X = to_onehot(inputs, vocab_size) X = torch.stack(X) # X.shape: (num_steps, batch_size, vocab_size) hiddens, state = self.rnn(X, state) hiddens = hiddens.view(-1, hiddens.shape[-1]) # hiddens.shape: (num_steps * batch_size, hidden_size) output = self.dense(hiddens) return output, state
def predict_rnn_pytorch(prefix, num_chars, model, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx): state = None output = [char_to_idx[prefix[0]]] # output记录prefix加上预测的num_chars个字符 for t in range(num_chars + len(prefix) - 1): X = torch.tensor([output[-1]], device=device).view(1, 1) (Y, state) = model(X, state) # 前向计算不需要传入模型参数 if t < len(prefix) - 1: output.append(char_to_idx[prefix[t + 1]]) else: output.append(Y.argmax(dim=1).item()) return ''.join([idx_to_char[i] for i in output])
model = RNNModel(rnn_layer, vocab_size).to(device) predict_rnn_pytorch('分开', 10, model, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx)
def train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx, num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes): loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=lr) model.to(device) for epoch in range(num_epochs): l_sum, n, start = 0.0, 0, time.time() data_iter = d2l.data_iter_consecutive(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device) # 相邻采样 state = None for X, Y in data_iter: if state is not None: # 使用detach函数从计算图分离隐藏状态 if isinstance (state, tuple): # LSTM, state:(h, c) state[0].detach_() state[1].detach_() else: state.detach_() (output, state) = model(X, state) # output.shape: (num_steps * batch_size, vocab_size) y = torch.flatten(Y.T) l = loss(output, y.long()) optimizer.zero_grad() l.backward() grad_clipping(model.parameters(), clipping_theta, device) optimizer.step() l_sum += l.item() * y.shape[0] n += y.shape[0] if (epoch + 1) % pred_period == 0: print('epoch %d, perplexity %f, time %.2f sec' % ( epoch + 1, math.exp(l_sum / n), time.time() - start)) for prefix in prefixes: print(' -', predict_rnn_pytorch( prefix, pred_len, model, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx))
num_epochs, batch_size, lr, clipping_theta = 250, 32, 1e-3, 1e-2 pred_period, pred_len, prefixes = 50, 50, ['分开', '不分开'] train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx, num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)