c++编译过程

前言

c++是一种编译型语言，在运行之前需要先经过编译器编译，虽然编译器由不同的厂家实现，但是他们需要遵守共同的规范，本文就介绍下c++的编译过程。

编译的四个阶段

先展示下本文实验用到的代码：

//main.cpp
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
   
    printf ("hello, world");
    return 0;
}

预处理阶段

预处理阶段主要处理带“#”号的文件，如#include 或#define等信息，对于include的头文件，预处理阶段会将头文件中的信息展开，我们使用g++ -E main.cpp -o main.i处理试验代码，这里代码冗长，没必要细看，但大致可以理解为将stdio.h整个文件展开了。

# 1 "main.cpp"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<命令行>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "<命令行>" 2
# 1 "main.cpp"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/libc-header-start.h" 1 3 4
# 33 "/usr/include/bits/libc-header-start.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 473 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 462 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 463 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4
# 464 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 474 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 497 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4
# 11 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 498 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 34 "/usr/include/bits/libc-header-start.h" 2 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4


# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern "C" {
   



# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/10.2.0/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 209 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/10.2.0/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
# 34 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4


# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/10.2.0/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/10.2.0/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;
typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef signed long int __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;
typedef __int8_t __int_least8_t;
typedef __uint8_t __uint_least8_t;
typedef __int16_t __int_least16_t;
typedef __uint16_t __uint_least16_t;
typedef __int32_t __int_least32_t;
typedef __uint32_t __uint_least32_t;
typedef __int64_t __int_least64_t;
typedef __uint64_t __uint_least64_t;
typedef long int __quad_t;
typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;
typedef long int __intmax_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uintmax_t;
# 141 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 142 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/time64.h" 1 3 4
# 143 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;
typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;
typedef long int __off_t;
typedef long int __off64_t;
typedef int __pid_t;
typedef struct {
    int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
typedef long int __clock_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;
typedef unsigned int __id_t;
typedef long int __time_t;
typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds64_t;
typedef int __daddr_t;
typedef int __key_t;
typedef int __clockid_t;
typedef void * __timer_t;
typedef long int __blksize_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;
typedef long int __fsword_t;
typedef long int __ssize_t;
typedef long int __syscall_slong_t;
typedef unsigned long int __syscall_ulong_t;
typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;
typedef long int __intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;
typedef int __sig_atomic_t;
# 39 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 1 3 4
# 13 "/usr/include/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
   
  int __count;
  union
  {
   
    unsigned int __wch;
    char __wchb[4];
  } __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 6 "/usr/include/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 2 3 4
typedef struct _G_fpos_t
{