JavaScript吊起了什么？

JavaScript before executing your code parses it, and adds to its own memory every function and variable declarations it finds, and holds them in memory. This is called hoisting.

JavaScript在执行代码之前对其进行解析，并将找到的每个函数和变量声明添加到其自己的内存中，并将它们保存在内存中。 这称为吊装 。

We have some different behaviors for function declarations and function expressions.

对于函数声明和函数表达式，我们有一些不同的行为。

With function declarations, we can call a function before it’s defined, and our code will work. In the other cases, we’ll have errors.

使用函数声明，我们可以在定义函数之前调用它，然后我们的代码将起作用。 在其他情况下，我们会出现错误。

A general rule of thumb is to always define functions, variables, objects and classes before using them, to avoid surprises.

一般的经验法则是，在使用函数，变量，对象和类之前，请务必对其进行定义，以免引起意外。

Suppose we have a function:

假设我们有一个函数：

function bark() {
  alert('wof!')
}

Due to hoisting, we can technically invoke bark() before it is declared:

由于提升，我们可以从技术上调用bark()然后将其声明为：

bark()
function bark() {
  alert('wof!')
}

With functions, this only happens for function declarations. Like in the case above.

对于函数，这仅在函数声明中发生。 就像上面的情况一样。

Not with function expressions.

没有函数表达式 。

This is a function expression:

这是一个函数表达式：

bark()
var bark = function() {
  alert('wof!')
}

In this case, the var declaration is hoisted and initialized with undefined as a value, something like this:

在这种情况下，将使用undefined的值来初始化和初始化var声明，如下所示：

var bark = undefined
bark()
bark = function() {
  alert('wof!')
}

Running this code will give you a TypeError: bark is not a function error.

运行此代码将给您带来TypeError: bark is not a function错误。

const and let declarations are hoisted, too, but they are not initialized to undefined like var.

const和let声明也被提升，但是它们没有像var一样被初始化为undefined。

const bark = function() {
  alert('wof!')
}

or

要么

let bark = function bark() {
  alert('wof!')
}

In this case, if you invoke bark() before declaring it, it will give you a ReferenceError: Cannot access 'bark' before initialization error.

在这种情况下，如果在声明之前调用bark() ，它将给您提供ReferenceError: Cannot access 'bark' before initialization错误ReferenceError: Cannot access 'bark' before initialization 。

The same will happen for any other expression that assigns an object or class to a variable

将对象或类分配给变量的任何其他表达式也会发生同样的情况

Class declarations work like let and const declarations: they are hoisted, but not initialized, and using a class before its declaration will give a ReferenceError: <Class> is not defined error.

类声明的工作方式类似于let和const声明：它们被吊起，但未初始化，并且在声明之前使用类会产生ReferenceError: <Class> is not defined错误。

翻译自: https://flaviocopes.com/javascript-hoisting/