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php 获取a-z中随机

This article analyzes problems related to random number generation used for cryptography purposes. PHP 5 does not provide an easy mechanism for generating cryptographically strong random numbers, while PHP 7 solves this by introducing a couple of CSPRNG functions.

本文分析了与用于加密目的的随机数生成有关的问题。 PHP 5没有提供一种简单的机制来生成具有密码强度的随机数，而PHP 7通过引入几个CSPRNG函数来解决此问题。

什么是CSPRNG？ (What Is a CSPRNG?)

Quoting Wikipedia, a Cryptographically Secure Pseudorandom Number Generator (CSPRNG) is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography.

引用维基百科 ，加密安全的伪随机数生成器(CSPRNG)是一种伪随机数生成器(PRNG)，其属性使其适合在密码学中使用。

A CSPRNG could be mainly useful for:

CSPRNG主要可用于：

• Key generation (e.g. generation of complicated keys)
  密钥生成(例如，复杂密钥的生成)
• Creating random passwords for new user accounts
  为新用户帐户创建随机密码
• Encryption systems
  加密系统

A central aspect to keeping a high security level is the high quality of randomness.

保持高安全级别的一个主要方面是高质量的随机性。

PHP 7中的CSPRNG (CSPRNG in PHP 7)

PHP 7 introduces two new functions that can be used for CSPRNG: random_bytes and random_int.

PHP 7引入了两个可用于CSPRNG的新函数： random_bytes和random_int 。

The random_bytes function returns a string and accepts as input an int representing the length in bytes to be returned.

random_bytes函数返回一个string并接受一个表示要返回的字节长度的int作为输入。

Example:

例：

$bytes = random_bytes('10');
var_dump(bin2hex($bytes));
//possible ouput: string(20) "7dfab0af960d359388e6"

The random_int function returns an integer number within the given range. Example:

random_int函数返回给定范围内的整数。 例：

var_dump(random_int(1, 100));
//possible output: 27

幕后花絮 (Behind the Scenes)

The sources of randomness of the above functions are different depending on the environment:

上述功能的随机性源因环境而异：

• On Windows, CryptGenRandom() will always be used.

  在Windows上，将始终使用CryptGenRandom() 。

• On other platforms, arc4random_buf() will be used if it is available (true on BSD derivatives or systems with libbsd).

  在其他平台上，如果可用，将使用arc4random_buf() (在BSD派生类或具有libbsd的系统上为true)。

• Failing the above, a Linux getrandom(2) syscall will be used.

  如果失败，将使用Linux getrandom(2) syscall。

• If all else fails /dev/urandom will be used as the final fallback.
  如果其他所有方法都失败，则将/ dev / urandom用作最终的后备。

• If none of the above sources are available, then an Error will be thrown.

  如果以上来源均不可用，则将引发Error 。

一个简单的测试 (A Simple Test)

A good random number generation system assures the right “quality” of generations. To check this quality, a battery of statistical tests is often performed. Without delving into complex statistical topics, comparing a known behavior with the result of a number generator can help in a quality evaluation.

一个好的随机数生成系统可以确保正确的生成“质量”。 为了检查该质量，经常执行一系列统计测试。 在不研究复杂的统计主题的情况下，将已知行为与数字生成器的结果进行比较可以帮助进行质量评估。

One easy test is the dice game. Assuming the odds of rolling a six with one die are one in six, if I roll three dice at the same time 100 times, the expected values for 0, 1, 2, and 3 sixes are roughly:

一个简单的测试是骰子游戏。 假设用一个骰子掷出六个骰子的几率是六分之一，如果我同时掷三个骰子100次，则0、1、2和3个骰子的期望值大致为：

• 0 sixes = 57.9 times
  0秒= 57.9倍
• 1 sixes = 34.7 times
  1个6 = 34.7倍
• 2 sixes = 6.9 times
  2个6 = 6.9倍
• 3 sixes = 0.5 times
  3个6 = 0.5次

Here is the code to reproduce the dice roll 1.000.000 times:

这是将骰子掷出1.000.000次的代码：

$times = 1000000;
$result = [];
for ($i=0; $i<$times; $i++){
    $dieRoll = array(6 => 0); //initializes just the six counting to zero
    $dieRoll[roll()] += 1; //first die
    $dieRoll[roll()] += 1; //second die
    $dieRoll[roll()] += 1; //third die
    $result[$dieRoll[6]] += 1; //counts the sixes
}
function roll(){
    return random_int(1,6);
}
var_dump($result);

Testing the code above with PHP7 random_int and the simple rand function might produce:

使用PHP7 random_int和简单的rand函数测试以上代码可能会产生：

Sixes	expected	random_int	rand
0	579000	579430	578179
1	347000	346927	347620
2	69000	68985	69586
3	5000	4658	4615

Sixes	预期	random_int	rand
0	579000	579430	578179
1个	347000	346927	347620
2	69000	68985	69586
3	5000	4658	4615

To see a better comparison between rand and random_int we can plot the results in a graph applying a formula to increase the differences between values: php result - expected result / sqrt(expected).

为了更好地比较rand和random_int我们可以将结果绘制在图形中，并应用公式来增加值之间的差异： php result - expected result / sqrt(expected) 。

The resulting graph will be:

结果图将是：

(values close to zero are better)

(接近零的值更好)

Even if the three sixes combination doesn’t perform well, and the test is too easy for a real application we can clearly see that random_int performs better than rand. Furthermore, the security of an application is increased by the absence of predictable, repeatable behaviors in the random number generator adopted.

即使三个6个组合的效果不佳，并且测试对于实际应用来说太简单了，我们也可以清楚地看到random_int性能优于rand 。 此外，由于在采用的随机数生成器中没有可预测的，可重复的行为，因此提高了应用程序的安全性。

PHP 5呢？ (What about PHP 5?)

By default, PHP 5 does not provide any strong pseudo-random number generators. In reality, there are some options like openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(), mcrypt_create_iv() or directly use the /dev/random or /dev/urandom devices with fread(). There are also packages like RandomLib or libsodium.

默认情况下，PHP 5不提供任何强大的伪随机数生成器。 实际上，有一些选项，例如openssl_random_pseudo_bytes() ， mcrypt_create_iv()或直接将/dev/random或/dev/urandom设备与fread() 。 也有像RandomLib或libsodium这样的软件包。

If you want to start using a good random number generator and at the same time be PHP 7-ready you can use the Paragon Initiative Enterprises random_compat library. The random_compat library allows the use of random_bytes() and random_int() in your PHP 5.x project.

如果您想开始使用一个好的随机数生成器，并且同时准备使用PHP 7，则可以使用Paragon Initiative Enterprises的random_compat库。 random_compat库允许在PHP 5.x项目中使用random_bytes()和random_int() 。

The library can be installed via Composer:

该库可以通过Composer安装：

composer require paragonie/random_compat

require 'vendor/autoload.php';
$string = random_bytes(32);
var_dump(bin2hex($string));
// string(64) "8757a27ce421b3b9363b7825104f8bc8cf27c4c3036573e5f0d4a91ad2aaec6f"
$int = random_int(0,255);
var_dump($int);
// int(81)

The random_compat library uses a different preference order compared to the PHP 7 one:

与PHP 7相比， random_compat库使用不同的首选项顺序：

1. fread() /dev/urandom if available

   fread() /dev/urandom如果可用)

2. mcrypt_create_iv($bytes, MCRYPT_CREATE_IV)

   mcrypt_create_iv($bytes, MCRYPT_CREATE_IV)

3. COM('CAPICOM.Utilities.1')->GetRandom()

   COM('CAPICOM.Utilities.1')->GetRandom()

4. openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()

   openssl_random_pseudo_bytes()

For more information about why this order has been used, I suggest reading the documentation.

有关为何使用此命令的更多信息，建议阅读文档 。

A simple use of the library to generate a password can be:

使用该库生成密码的简单用法可以是：

$passwordChar = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
$passwordLength = 8;
$max = strlen($passwordChar) - 1;
$password = '';
for ($i = 0; $i < $passwordLength; ++$i) {
    $password .= $passwordChar[random_int(0, $max)];
}
echo $password;
//possible output: 7rgG8GHu

结论 (Conclusion)

You should always apply a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator, and the random_compat lib provides a good implementation for this.

您应该始终应用加密安全的伪随机数生成器，并且random_compat lib random_compat提供了一个很好的实现。

If you want to use a reliable random data source, as you saw in the article, the suggestion is to start as soon as possible with random_int and random_bytes.

如您在文章中所见，如果您想使用可靠的随机数据源，建议尽快从random_int和random_bytes 。

Questions or comments? Leave them below!

有疑问或意见吗？ 把它们留在下面！

进一步阅读 (Further Reading)

Description	Link
Die Hard Test	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diehard_tests
Chi-square test with dice example	http://bit.ly/1Mrptf5
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov-Smirnov_test
Spectral Test	http://random.mat.sbg.ac.at/tests/theory/spectral/
RaBiGeTe test suite	http://cristianopi.altervista.org/RaBiGeTe_MT
Random Number Generation In PHP (2011)	http://blog.ircmaxell.com/2011/07/random-number-generation-in-php.html
Testing RNG part 1 and 2	http://ubm.io/1Ot46vL http://ubm.io/1VNzh3N

描述	链接
硬模测试	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diehard_tests
卡方检验与骰子示例	http://bit.ly/1Mrptf5
柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验	https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/科尔摩戈罗夫-Smirnov_test
光谱测试	http://random.mat.sbg.ac.at/tests/theory/spectral/
RaBiGeTe测试套件	http://cristianopi.altervista.org/RaBiGeTe_MT
PHP中的随机数生成(2011)	http://blog.ircmaxell.com/2011/07/random-number-generation-in-php.html
测试RNG第1部分和第2部分	http://ubm.io/1Ot46vL http://ubm.io/1VNzh3N

致谢 (Acknowledgements)

Many thanks to the following peer reviewers for their help with this article!

非常感谢以下同行审稿人对本文的帮助！

• Scott Arciszewski

  斯科特·阿西塞夫斯基

翻译自: https://www.sitepoint.com/randomness-php-feel-lucky/

php 获取a-z中随机