什么是Usenet | 第1部分

什么是Usenet (What Is Usenet)

Usenet (also known as Netnews) is a networked system of forums, invented in 1979 and based on the NNTP protocol. He was quickly made available via the Internet, where it remains in the early twenty-first century use.

Usenet(也称为Netnews)是论坛的网络系统，于1979年发明，基于NNTP协议。 他很快就可以通过Internet公开使用，并一直保留到二十世纪初。

Some find it less easy to use the forums on the web (which started in the 1990s) but its main advantages allow a faster reading (because less personalized and visually impaired) and facilitate replication of articles on servers worldwide.

一些人发现使用网上论坛(始于1990年代)不太容易，但是它的主要优点是可以更快地阅读(因为个性化程度和视觉障碍较少)，并促进在全球服务器上复制文章。

Usenet is available through the particular section of Google Groups.

Usenet可通过Google网上论坛的特定部分使用。

Usually, the use (read or write) occurs via a software called “news reader” (or newsreader).

通常，使用(读或写)是通过称为“新闻阅读器”(或新闻阅读器)的软件进行的。

Usenet：常规操作 (Usenet: General Operation)

Usenet is a set of protocols used to generate, store and retrieve “items” (messages that are similar in structure, emails), and allows the exchange of articles between members of a community that can be spread over an area potentially very wide. Usenet is organized around the principle of discussion groups or newsgroups (newsgroups in English), which bring together each of sections (contributions) on a specific topic. The topics of discussion groups are organized in a hierarchy. Once connected to a computer server providing a Usenet service, users can select the groups provided by the server to which they wish to “subscribe”. For each group to which it subscribes, the user can see all the new items made available on this group and all items received by the server for some time. Older articles are automatically deleted from the server by server, this period can vary between one month and a few days. However, there are file servers, such as Google Groups or Gmane, which can find past articles of some focus groups, presented in the same way as the discussion list archives.

Usenet是一组协议，用于生成，存储和检索“项目”(结构相似的消息，电子邮件)，并允许社区成员之间交换文章，这些文章可以散布在非常广泛的区域中。 Usenet是围绕讨论组或新闻组(英文新闻组)的原则组织的，该组将有关特定主题的每个部分(稿件)汇集在一起​​。 讨论组的主题按层次结构组织。 连接到提供Usenet服务的计算机服务器后，用户可以选择他们希望“订阅”到服务器的组。 对于它订阅的每个组，用户可以看到该组上所有可用的新项目以及服务器在一段时间内收到的所有项目。 服务器会自动从服务器中删除较旧的文章，此期限可能在一个月到几天之间变化。 但是，有些文件服务器(例如Google Groups或Gmane)可以找到某些焦点小组的过往文章，其显示方式与讨论列表存档相同。

When a user submits an article on a Usenet server, it propagates to all other servers with which it has agreements to exchange items (feeding, literally, “food”), and so on. Each server keeps a copy of this article, and can then make it available to users who access this server.

当用户在Usenet服务器上提交文章时，它会传播到所有其他服务器，并与它们达成协议交换物品(进食，字面上是“食物”)，依此类推。 每个服务器保留一份本文的副本，然后可以将其提供给访问此服务器的用户。

Users typically use a client software called news reader (sometimes called news client, referring to client-server) to read and write Usenet articles. Most email clients include a module for reading Usenet articles more or less complete.

用户通常使用称为新闻阅读器的客户端软件(有时称为新闻客户端，指的是客户端服务器)来读取和编写Usenet文章。 大多数电子邮件客户端都包含一个用于或多或少完整阅读Usenet文章的模块。

Usenet的开始 (The beginnings of Usenet)

Usenet was created in 1979 by a group of students from North Carolina: Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, Denis Rockwell and Steve Daniel, Dake, and Steve Bellovin, Chapel Hill (UNC). It is therefore born after email (1972) and after TCP / IP (1974), but before the DNS (1983) and well before the World Wide Web (1989). The name Usenet was an abbreviation for Unix User Network, it is seen today as a proper name.

Usenet由北卡罗来纳州的一群学生于1979年创建：Tom Truscott，Jim Ellis，Denis Rockwell和Steve Daniel，Dake，以及Steve Bellovin，教堂山(UNC)。 因此，它是在电子邮件(1972年)和TCP / IP(1974年)之后，但在DNS(1983年)之前和万维网(1989年)之前诞生的。 Usenet名称是Unix用户网络的缩写，今天被视为专有名称。

Usenet, originally independent, was quickly connected to ARPAnet, the future Internet. In practice today, all of Usenet traffic goes through the Internet. But some users like to recall that “Usenet is not the Internet” and could exist without it.

Usenet原本是独立的，很快就连接到了ARPAnet，即未来的Internet。 在今天的实践中，所有Usenet流量都通过Internet进行。 但是有些用户喜欢回想起“ Usenet不是Internet”，没有它就可能存在。

In 1986, the UUCP protocol, originally used to transport news, has been replaced by NNTP, designed specially. In the two years that followed, the Great Renaming, reorganization of groups to accommodate the growth and internationalization of the network, given its overall structure Usenet present.

1986年，最初用于传输新闻的UUCP协议已被专门设计的NNTP取代。 在接下来的两年中，考虑到Usenet的总体结构，大改名，组重组以适应网络的增长和国际化。

组织 (Organization)

Since then, groups are sorted according to various criteria into a tree. The name of a group is composed of several components separated by dots, and each component corresponds to a tree level. It reads from left to right: for example, fr.education.superieur is a francophone group, dedicated to education, particularly higher education. All groups located in the same branch of the tree, that is to say that the first components are identical, is called a hierarchy. We often use the symbol * to denote any characters: thus, we write comp.* to refer to all groups of the comp.

从那时起，根据各种标准将组分类到树中。 组的名称由用点分隔的几个组件组成，每个组件对应一个树级别。 它从左到右依次为：例如fr.education.superieur是法语国家，致力于教育，尤其是高等教育。 位于树的同一分支中的所有组(即，第一部分相同)被称为层次结构。 我们经常使用符号*来表示任何字符：因此，我们编写comp。*来指代comp的所有组。

Each server can choose to run or not for its users, and spread to its neighbors or not, the contents of each group. In most cases, the administrator does not choose the groups one by one, but selects whole hierarchies.

每个服务器可以选择是否为用户运行，以及将每个组的内容传播到其邻居还是不传播给邻居。 在大多数情况下，管理员不是一个一个地选择组，而是选择整个层次结构。

The heart of the Big Eight Usenet or Big8, consisting of eight major international hierarchies: comp (computers), misc (miscellaneous), news (newsgroups operation), rec (recreation), sci (science), soc (society) and talk (discussion), created during the Great Renaming, and humanities (humanities), added later. The Big8, except sometimes talk of the hierarchy, is widely spread. It discusses mainly but not exclusively in English.

八大Usenet或Big8的心脏，由八个主要的国际层次组成：计算机(计算机)，杂项(杂项)，新闻(新闻组操作)，娱乐(娱乐)，科学(科学)，社会(社会)和谈话(讨论)(在“大改名”期间创建)和人文(人文)，稍后添加。 除了有时谈论等级制之外，Big8广泛传播。 它主要但不是全部以英语讨论。

There are two other important international hierarchies, where the rules – rather strict – operating Big8 are relaxed. On biz .*, advertising is allowed. Alt .*, anyone can create a group, and alt.binaries .* is allowed to post attachments.

还有另外两个重要的国际层次结构，放宽了Big8的运行规则(相当严格)。 在biz。*上允许广告。 Alt。*，任何人都可以创建一个组，并且alt.binaries。*被允许发布附件。

Then there are a number of hierarchies “national” Some, like the main French Usenet hierarchy-en, actually correspond to a language and not a country. The most important are almost as well as the spread Big8.

然后有许多“国家”层次结构，例如法国的Usenet主要层次结构en，实际上实际上是对应一种语言而不是国家。 最重要的与传播的Big8差不多。

Finally, there are a large number of minor hierarchies, spread fairly random. It may be full discussion networks and independent discussion forums set up by companies … Many servers offer a local hierarchy “private” which is sometimes spread to the outside. Microsoft.public .* hierarchy is a notorious example.

最后，有大量次要层次结构，分布相当随机。 公司可能建立了完整的讨论网络和独立讨论论坛……许多服务器都提供了本地“私有”层次结构，该层次结构有时会散布到外部。 Microsoft.public。*层次结构是一个臭名昭著的示例。

Usenet的未来 (The future of Usenet)

The number of contributions and authors has been decreasing since 2003. Usenet seems to suffer from competition from the Web (the web forums, blogs and wikis). Furthermore, Usenet is sometimes accused of carrying content deemed pornographic and illegal.

自2003年以来，贡献和作者的数量一直在减少。Usenet似乎受到来自Web(Web论坛，博客和Wiki)的竞争的困扰。 此外，Usenet有时会被指控携带色情和非法的内容。

技术操作 (Technical operation)

To read the news, the user uses a specialized software, the news reader or news reader. It connects to a news server. The dialogue with the server using the NNTP protocol, described in RFC 3977, and usually takes place on port 119. Once connected, the software can retrieve the list of available groups, the list of items of a group (in fact, their headers), or the content of a given item. It can also post articles, sending them to the server.

为了阅读新闻，用户使用专门的软件，即新闻阅读器或新闻阅读器。 它连接到新闻服务器。 使用RFC 3977中描述的NNTP协议与服务器的对话通常在端口119上进行。连接后，该软件可以检索可用组列表，组项目列表(实际上是其标题)。 ，或给定项目的内容。 它还可以发布文章，并将其发送到服务器。

The format of the articles, described in RFC 1036, very much like email. A section begins with headers of the form

RFC 1036中描述的文章格式非常类似于电子邮件。 部分以以下形式的标题开头

Field: Value

领域：价值

There are a large number of standardized headers, to indicate the sender, date, subject, groups which publish the article … Newsreaders fill them automatically. You may add its own headers, the field name must start with X-, e.g., X-No-Archive. It is followed by a blank line and then the body of the article itself.

有大量标准化的标头，用以指示发布文章的发件人，日期，主题，组……新闻阅读器会自动填充它们。 您可以添加自己的标题，字段名称必须以X-开头，例如X-No-Archive。 它后面是空行，然后是文章本身。

Everything must be in plain text. The only encoding of plain text is readable on any Usenet ASCII. According to the groups, it is possible, indicating in the header to send coded messages ISO-8859 8-bit, and in particular character sets tailored to the languages of Western Europe: ISO 8859-1 (latin1) and ISO 8859-15 (latin9). Finally, in a few groups, you can use Unicode, usually encoded in UTF-8.

一切都必须为纯文本。 任何Usenet ASCII均可读取纯文本的唯一编码。 根据组，可以在标头中指示发送编码消息ISO-8859 8位，尤其是针对西欧语言量身定制的字符集：ISO 8859-1(latin1)和ISO 8859-15( latin9)。 最后，在几个小组中，您可以使用Unicode，通常以UTF-8编码。

Each item carries a unique identifier, the Message-Id. It is the primary way of referring to it. An article does not belong to a particular group. It is simply posted on the network, and visible in the groups where it is posted after the headers. This allows you to post the same article in several groups by not carrying a single copy. (It is okay to not abuse this process, called crosspost.)

每个项目都带有唯一的标识符，即消息ID。 这是引用它的主要方式。 文章不属于特定组。 它只是发布在网络上，并且在标题之后的发布组中可见。 这样，您就可以不携带一个副本就可以在多个组中发布同一篇文章。 (也可以不滥用此过程，称为交叉发布。)

The server must then propagate the article.

然后，服务器必须传播文章。

Continued…

继续…

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/what-is-usenet-part-1-2/