自动备份数据到第二块硬盘_什么是数据备份 数据保护技术| 第2部分

自动备份数据到第二块硬盘

数据备份的优势 (Advantages of Data Backup)

The advantages of data backup are many:

数据备份的优点很多：

• Minimize the risk of loss and have a distance protection tackling problems of theft, fire, flood, etc.;
  将损失的风险降到最低，并具有距离保护措施，以解决盗窃，火灾，洪水等问题；
• Storage spaces are not limited in size;
  储物空间不受大小限制；
• Completely free;
  完全免费；
• A fully automated backup and periodic;
  全自动备份和定期；

The major drawback of this technique is that it is open only to individuals but do not meet the needs of companies and it is important to ensure that data is fully encrypted to make it unreadable on other storage spaces. This technique must register within trusted group.

该技术的主要缺点是它仅对个人开放，不能满足公司的需求，因此重要的是要确保对数据进行完全加密以使其在其他存储空间上不可读。 此技术必须在受信任的组中注册。

The most common methods (Types) of backup are:

最常见的备份方法(类型)是：

The simplest method is the full backup or full (also called “full backup”); it is to copy all data to back that they are recent, old, modified or not.

最简单的方法是完全备份或完全备份(也称为“完全备份”)。 它是将所有数据复制到最新，旧的，已修改的或未修改的数据。

This method is also more reliable but it is long and very costly in terms of disk space, making it difficult to use in practice for all backups to be performed. To gain speed and time saving, there are methods that perform the backup of only modified data and / or added between two full backups. We identified two:

此方法也更可靠，但是它在磁盘空间方面很长且非常昂贵，因此实际上很难使用它来执行所有备份。 为了节省速度和时间，有些方法仅执行修改过的数据和/或在两个完整备份之间添加的数据。 我们确定了两个：

• Differential backup
  差异备份
• The incremental backup
  增量备份

Restoring a disk with one of these methods is longer and more tedious because in addition to restoring the differential backup or incremental backups, you must also restore the last full backup. Files deleted in the meantime will also be restored.

使用这些方法之一还原磁盘的时间更长且更繁琐，因为除了还原差异备份或增量备份外，您还必须还原最后的完整备份。 同时删除的文件也将被恢复。

To understand the difference between the two methods, we take the example of a backup plan as shown below:

为了了解两种方法之间的区别，我们以备份计划为例，如下所示：

• A full backup on D-Day (Sunday night for example)
  D日的完整备份(例如，周日晚上)
• A backup of changed files or new D-Day +1 to Day 6 (Monday evening to Saturday evening included)
  将更改的文件或新的D日+1备份到第6天(包括周一晚上到周六晚上)
• A full backup on D-Day 7 (Sunday night following)
  在D天7(以下星期日晚上)进行完整备份

数据备份机制 (Data Backup Mechanism)

To differentiate these different methods of backup / archiving (full, incremental, differential), the mechanism is implemented using a marker for archiving. Each file has a marker for archiving, which is set to “true” when creating or modifying a file. One can understand this position as “I have just been changed or created, I am ready to be archived, so I position my marker to true. This marker is also called archive attribute (or archive bit). On Windows, this attribute is editable and can be viewed by the ATTRIB command (attribute A for archive). The backup system may also be a database containing the definitions files and use an internal marking.

为了区分这些不同的备份/归档方法(完全，增量，差异)，该机制是使用标记进行归档的。 每个文件都有一个用于存档的标记，在创建或修改文件时将其设置为“ true”。 可以将这个位置理解为“我刚刚被更改或创建，我准备被存档，因此我将标记定位为true。 此标记也称为存档属性(或存档位)。 在Windows上，此属性是可编辑的，并且可以通过ATTRIB命令查看(属性A表示存档)。 备份系统也可以是包含定义文件并使用内部标记的数据库。

备份–完成 (Backup – complete)

During a full backup, it will reset to “0” attribute of the file to store the fact that the file was saved. When working with date, it stores the date of the last backup so you can differentiate the files that were backed others (date of last modification).

在完全备份期间，它将重置为文件的“ 0”属性，以存储文件已保存的事实。 使用日期时，它会存储上次备份的日期，因此您可以区分备份的其他文件(上次修改的日期)。

备份–技术性 (Backup – Technicality)

During a full backup, all files are saved, regardless of the position of the marker (true or false). Once the archive file, it is assigned the position of the marker (or bit) to “false” (or “0”).

在完全备份期间，所有文件都会保存，无论标记的位置如何(是或否)。 一旦归档文件，就将标记(或位)的位置分配为“假”(或“ 0”)。

差异备份 (Differential backup)

The differential backup makes a copy of the files created or modified since the last full backup, regardless of the intermediate backups. In other words, the full backup of D-Day serves as a reference to identify files created, modified or added, and thus only save them from Day 1 to Day 6.

差异备份将复制自上次完整备份以来创建或修改的文件，而不考虑中间备份。 换句话说，D-Day的完整备份可以用作标识已创建，修改或添加的文件的参考，因此仅保存从第1天到第6天的文件。

The restoration made from this type of backup disk mirroring requires the last full backup and differential backup most recent.

通过这种类型的备份磁盘镜像进行的还原需要最近的完整备份和最新的差异备份。

With our example, if the restoration is on a full disk that was backed up on Day 2, then it must be copied to disk complete backup of D-Day and differential backup of Day 2 to get the latest version of data.

在我们的示例中，如果还原是在第2天备份的完整磁盘上，则必须将其复制到D天的磁盘完整备份和第2天的差异备份中，以获取最新版本的数据。

But when it comes to restoring a file or folder that was saved on D-Day 2 only the last backup, the differential here is useful.

但是，要恢复仅在D-Day 2上保存的文件或文件夹是最后一次备份，此处的差异很有用。

数据备份–技术细节 (Data Backup – Technical Details)

When a differential backup, all files whose tag is “true” are saved. Once the archive file, it retains the position of his marker as he had before the backup. Incremental backup or incremental

当进行差异备份时，将保存所有标记为“ true”的文件。 一旦成为存档文件，它将保留其标记在备份之前的位置。 增量备份或增量

This method involves backing up files created or modified since the last backup regardless of its type (full, incremental or differential).

此方法涉及备份自上次备份以来创建或修改的文件，而不管其类型(完整，增量或差异)。

Example: A full backup is performed on D-Day D +1, incremental backup is performed by reference to D-Day, D-Day +2; the incremental backup is performed by reference to a D-Day. And so on.

示例：在D日D +1上执行完整备份，参照D日D-Day +2执行增量备份； 增量备份是通过参考D日来执行的。 等等。

If the restoration is on a full disk that was backed up on D-Day 4, you must copy the backup to disk of D-Day and incremental backups of days D + 1, D + 2, D + 3 and D + 4 to obtain the latest version of all data. But when it comes to restoring a file or folder that was saved on D-Day 3, only the last backup, the incremental here, is useful.

如果还原是在D日4备份的完整磁盘上，则必须将备份复制到D日的磁盘，并将天D + 1，D + 2，D + 3和D + 4的增量备份复制到获取所有数据的最新版本。 但是，当要还原在D日3中保存的文件或文件夹时，只有最后一个备份(此处为增量备份)才有用。

数据备份–技术细节 (Data Backup – Technical Details)

In an incremental backup, all files whose tag is “true” are saved. Once the archive file, it is assigned the position of his marker to “false”.

在增量备份中，将保存标记为“ true”的所有文件。 一旦归档文件，就将其标记的位置分配为“ false”。

备份，归档和保留 (Backup, archiving and retention)

The retention can be the difference between backup and archiving.

保留时间可能是备份和归档之间的差异。

Retention is the time during which the stored data is kept intact. A short work retention is considered a classic work of backup: the data is protected against the loss / alteration. Work retention time (one or more years) is considered a work of archiving and will aim to recover the data to a specific date, express request.

保留时间是指存储的数据保持完整的时间。 短暂的工作保留被认为是备份的经典工作：保护数据免于丢失/更改。 工作保留时间(一年或一年以上)被认为是归档工作，旨在将数据恢复到明确的日期(明确要求)。

Example: retention of four weeks implies that the instance of data stored on a specific date will still be available until 28 days after backup. After these 28 days, a logical point of view, the data do not exist in the backup system and are considered not found. Physically, the tracks used to store this backup can be deleted.

例如：保留四周意味着在特定日期存储的数据实例在备份后28天之前仍然可用。 从逻辑上看，这28天之后，备份系统中不存在数据，并且认为未找到数据。 从物理上讲，可以删除用于存储此备份的曲目。

More retention is longer and the number of pending saved for the same object file or folder is important. More retention is longer and tends to a backup mechanism that requires an archive search system and appropriate indexing. More retention is longer and the space required to store the backup jobs will be important.

更多的保留时间更长，并且为同一目标文件或文件夹保存的未决数目很重要。 更多的保留时间更长，并且倾向于使用需要档案搜索系统和适当索引的备份机制。 保留时间越长，存储备份作业所需的空间就越重要。

Formula for calculation of backup space needed

所需备份空间的计算公式

This formula allows to resize a library of backup (tape or disk VTL).

该公式允许调整备份库(磁带或磁盘VTL)的大小。

In the case of backups, that is to say full backup on weekends (Friday night) and incremental backups other days of the week, Monday to Thursday (not Friday) or four days:

对于备份，也就是说，在周末(星期五晚上)进行完全备份，在一周的其他几天(星期一至星期四(非星期五)或四天)进行增量备份：

– D is the space of useful data to back up,

– D是要备份的有用数据的空间，

– R is retention of desired work, expressed in weeks,

– R是保留期望的工作，以周为单位，

– T is the rate of change per day files to save space, the following formula is obtained: D x R + (D x T%) 4 = x storage capacity.

– T是节省空间的每日文件更改率，可得出以下公式：D x R +(D x T％)4 = x存储容量。

Example: 100 GB total backup with retention of three weeks and change rate of 20% gives 100 per day x 3 + (100 x 20%) x 4 = 380 GB 380 GB will be necessary to safeguard our 100 GB of data with a retention of three weeks, and a change of 20% per day.

示例：100 GB的总备份，保留三周，更改率为20％，则每天需要100 x 3 +(100 x 20％)x 4 = 380 GB 380 GB对于保留100 GB的数据将是必不可少的三个星期，每天更改20％。

Technological innovations such as snapshots and de-duplication can reduce the value of a very interesting way.

快照和重复数据删除等技术创新可以降低非常有趣的方式的价值。

Backup – Additional technical information

备份–其他技术信息

The backup data can be performed using techniques more or less sophisticated. The easiest way is to browse directories and files from a workstation or server, but it is soon limited by the number of files and volumes of data, which have a direct impact on the Backup time. To circumvent these limitations, several approaches are possible:

可以使用或多或少复杂的技术来执行备份数据。 最简单的方法是从工作站或服务器浏览目录和文件，但是很快就会受到文件数量和数据量的限制，这直接影响到备份时间。 为了规避这些限制，可以采用几种方法：

• Stored data compression, used by most backup solutions
  存储数据压缩，大多数备份解决方案都使用
• Technical Snapshot: taking snapshot of a disk, especially in a SAN (see Logical Volume Management)
  技术快照：拍摄磁盘快照，尤其是在SAN中(请参阅逻辑卷管理)
• Backup block mode (NDMP for NAS in particular)
  备份块模式(尤其是用于NAS的NDMP)
• De-duplication technology to reduce the volume of backups by eliminating duplication
  重复数据删除技术通过消除重复数据来减少备份量
• A combination of these techniques.
  这些技术的结合。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/what-is-data-backup-data-safeguard-technique-part-2/

自动备份数据到第二块硬盘