摄影焦距和物距的关系_摄影的焦距是多少？

摄影焦距和物距的关系

In photography, we use focal length as a primary descriptor of lenses. It’s the measure (in millimeters) of the distance between the rear nodal point and the focal point of the lens, while the lens is focused to infinity. Yep, that’s quite a mouthful, so let’s break it down.

在摄影中，我们使用焦距作为镜头的主要描述符。 它是镜头的后节点与焦点之间的距离(以毫米为单位)的度量，同时镜头聚焦到无穷远。 是的，这是一个很大的嘴，所以让我们分解一下。

焦距如何工作 (How Focal Length Works)

The purpose of a photographic lens is to take parallel rays of light and converge them into a single point of focus so they can be recorded, either on a piece of film or, far more commonly, with a digital sensor. The point where the lens causes the light rays to converge is called the focal point. In the image at the top of the article, the parallel rays of light entering the lens are represented by the two red arrows. The focal point at which they converge after passing through the lens is marked with an “F.”

摄影镜头的目的是获取平行光线，并将它们会聚成单个焦点，以便可以将它们记录在胶片上，或者更常见的是用数字传感器记录。 透镜使光线会聚的点称为焦点。 在文章顶部的图像中，进入透镜的平行光线由两个红色箭头表示。 它们通过镜头后会聚的焦点标有“ F”。

Without a lens to focus the light for your camera, all you get is a blurry mess. Here’s a selfie I took without a lens on my camera as an example. Aren’t I pretty?

没有镜头来聚焦相机的光线，您得到的只是一片混乱。 这是我在相机上没有镜头的情况下拍摄的自拍照。 我不是很漂亮吗

There isn’t just one set lens size or shape that will converge rays of light. Any convex lens (that’s one that curves outwards) will work, but the focal point will be different. The focal length of a convex lens is the distance between the center of the lens and the focal point.

不仅会聚光的一组镜头尺寸或形状。 任何凸透镜(即向外弯曲的凸透镜)都可以工作，但焦点会有所不同。 凸透镜的焦距是透镜中心与焦点之间的距离。

Here, F is the focal point and f is the focal length. Different lenses converge light at different focal points, and thus, have different focal lengths.

在此，F是焦点，f是焦距。 不同的透镜将光会聚在不同的焦点上，因此具有不同的焦距。

Unfortunately, the lenses we use for photography are a lot more complex than a single convex lens. They generally have multiple different lens elements that work together to converge light with as few optical aberrations as possible. This means there isn’t really a true center we can measure from. Instead, focal length is measured from the rear nodal point—which, along with the focal point, is one of the cardinal points in Gaussian optics—to the focal point while the lens is focused at infinity.

不幸的是，我们用于摄影的镜头比单个凸透镜要复杂得多。 它们通常具有多个不同的透镜元件，这些透镜元件一起工作以以尽可能少的光学像差会聚光。 这意味着我们没有真正可以衡量的中心。 取而代之的是，焦距是从后结点(与焦点一起成为高斯光学原理的基本点之一)到镜头聚焦到无穷远时的焦点进行测量的。

焦距告诉我们关于镜头的什么 (What the Focal Length Tells Us About a Lens)

If all this still sounds like it’s a bit complex, don’t worry. You really don’t need a very deep understanding of how focal length is measured to take good photos; you just need to know what it means for your photos.

如果这一切听起来仍然有些复杂，请不用担心。 您真的不需要对如何测量好照片的焦距有很深入的了解。 您只需要知道对您的照片意味着什么。

The reason we use focal length to describe lenses is because it tells us one very important thing: what the field of view of that lens will be. And since the sensor remains the same size regardless of what lens you use, the field of view tells us how much a lens can magnify distant subjects.

之所以使用焦距来描述镜头，是因为它告诉我们一件非常重要的事情：镜头的视场将是什么。 而且由于无论使用哪种镜头，传感器都保持相同的尺寸， 因此视场告诉我们镜头可以放大远处的物体多少 。

Photographic lenses generally have a focal length of between 14mm and 600mm, although there some expensive exceptions that have shorter or longer focal lengths. The shorter the focal length, the wider the field of view. The longer the focal length, the narrower the field of view.

摄影镜头的焦距通常在14mm至600mm之间，尽管有些昂贵的例外是焦距更短或更长。 焦距越短，视野越广。 焦距越长，视野越窄。

Here’s a photo taken with a focal length of 18mm on my Canon 650D.

这是我的佳能650D上焦距为18mm的照片。

And here’s a photo taken from the exact same spot a few seconds later with a focal length of 135mm.

这是几秒钟后从完全相同的位置拍摄的照片，焦距为135mm。

As you can see, the 135mm photo has a much narrower field and so it appears like I’ve zoomed in on far away objects.

如您所见，这张135毫米照片的视野更窄，因此看起来就像我放大了远处的物体一样。

The human eye has a focal length of somewhere between 40mm and 58mm, with 50mm being the usual compromise. This is referred to as the “normal” focal length. It’s hard to measure because a camera lens is not a perfect analog of our eyes. Any lens with a focal length shorter than that normal focal length is a wide angle lens and things in the image will appear smaller than they look to your eyes. Any lens with a focal length longer than the normal focal length is a telephoto lens and things in the image will appear larger.

人眼的焦距在40mm至58mm之间，通常折衷为50mm。 这称为“正常”焦距 。 很难测量，因为相机镜头不能完美地模拟我们的眼睛。 任何焦距小于正常焦距的镜头都是广角镜头，并且图像中的物体看起来会比您的眼睛看起来小。 任何焦距长于正常焦距的镜头都是远摄镜头，并且图像中的物体会显得更大。

您应该使用什么焦距？ (What Focal Length Should You Use?)

There is a place for lenses of every focal length in photography and choosing the right one for the image you’re trying to take is often a very important decision.

在摄影中，每个焦距都有一个合适的镜头，为您要拍摄的图像选择合适的镜头通常是一个非常重要的决定。

If you want to take landscape photos, for example, you are much more likely to want a wide angle lens than if you’re shooting sports, in which case you’ll want a telephoto lens to get close to the action. Normal lenses are great for casual photography and portraits.

例如，如果您要拍摄风景照，则与拍摄运动相比，您更需要广角镜，在这种情况下，您将需要远摄镜头接近动作。 普通镜头非常适合休闲摄影和人像拍摄。

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Focal length is the most important measurement of a photographic lens. It, along with the aperture, are what tell us how a lens will affect our images.

焦距是摄影镜头最重要的度量。 它与光圈一起告诉我们镜头将如何影响我们的图像。

Image Credits: Henrik via Wikipedia.

图片来源： Henrik通过Wikipedia 。

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/353144/what-is-focal-length/

摄影焦距和物距的关系