java时间减一秒钟_科学家将量子计算机变成一台时光机-至少要花一秒钟的时间...

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Laboratory of the Physics of Quantum Information Technology at MIPT. ，量子信息技术物理实验室负责人戈迪·莱索维克(Gordey Lesovik)评论道。在MIPT。

While the researchers don’t expect you to take a trip back to the high school prom just yet, they added that the time reversal algorithm could prove useful for making quantum computers more precise.

尽管研究人员并不希望您立即返回高中毕业舞会，但他们补充说，时间倒转算法可能对提高量子计算机的精确度很有用。

“Our algorithm could be updated and used to test programs written for quantum computers and eliminate noise and errors,” Lebedev explained.

列别杰夫解释说：“我们的算法可以进行更新，并用于测试为量子计算机编写的程序，并消除噪声和错误。”

The researchers said that the work builds on some earlier work that recently garnered headlines.

研究人员说，这项工作是建立在一些最近的头条新闻的基础上的。

“We began by describing a so-called local perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Then, in December, we published a paper that discusses the violation of the second law via a device called a Maxwell’s demon,” Lesovik said. “The most recent paper approaches the same problem from a third angle: We have artificially created a state that evolves in a direction opposite to that of the thermodynamic arrow of time.”

“我们首先描述了第二种所谓的本地永动机。 然后，在12月，我们发表了一篇论文，讨论了通过称为麦克斯韦恶魔的设备违反第二条法律的行为，”莱索维克说。 “最新论文从第三个角度解决了同样的问题：我们人为地创造了一种状态，该状态沿与时间的热力学箭头相反的方向演化。”

What makes the future different from the past

是什么使未来与过去不同

Most laws of physics make no distinction between the future and the past. For example, in an equation describe the collision and rebound of two identical billiard balls, if a close-up of that event is recorded with a camera and played in reverse, it can still be represented by the same equation. Moreover, one could not tell from the recording if it has been doctored. Both versions look plausible. It would appear that the billiard balls defy the intuitive sense of time.

大多数物理学定律在未来和过去之间没有区别。 例如，在描述两个相同台球的碰撞和反弹的方程式中，如果用摄像机记录该事件的特写并反向进行播放，则仍然可以用相同的方程式表示。 此外，从录音中无法分辨出是否已被篡改。 两种版本都看似合理。 看来台球无视直观的时间感。

However, imagine that someone has recorded a cue ball breaking the pyramid, the billiard balls scattering in all directions. One need not know the rules of the game to tell the real-life scenario from reverse playback. What makes the latter look so absurd is our intuitive understanding of the second law of thermodynamics: An isolated system either remains static or evolves toward a state of chaos rather than order.

但是，想象一下有人记录了一个撞碎金字塔的母球，台球向各个方向散射。 无需知道游戏规则即可从反向回放中得知真实情况。 使后者显得如此荒谬的是我们对热力学第二定律的直觉理解：一个孤立的系统要么保持静态，要么演变成混乱状态而不是有序状态。

Most other laws of physics do not prevent rolling billiard balls from assembling into a pyramid, infused tea from flowing back into the tea bag, or a volcano from “erupting” in reverse. But we do not see any of this happening, because that would require an isolated system to assume a more ordered state without any outside intervention, which runs contrary to the second law. The nature of that law has not been explained in full detail, but researchers have made great headway in understanding the basic principles behind it.

大多数其他物理定律都不能阻止滚动的台球组装成金字塔，阻止注入的茶倒流到茶袋中或阻止火山反向喷发。 但是我们看不到有任何这种情况发生，因为这将要求一个孤立的系统在没有任何外部干预的情况下呈现出更加有序的状态，这违背了第二定律。 该法律的性质尚未得到详细解释，但研究人员在理解其基本原理方面取得了很大进展。

Spontaneous time reversal

自发时间倒转

Quantum physicists from MIPT decided to check if time could spontaneously reverse itself at least for an individual particle and for a tiny fraction of a second. That is, instead of colliding billiard balls, they examined a solitary electron in empty interstellar space.

来自MIPT的量子物理学家决定检查时间是否可以自发地逆转，至少对于单个粒子而言，还是在很短的时间内。 也就是说，他们没有撞撞台球，而是在空的星际空间中检查了一个孤立的电子。

“Suppose the electron is localized when we begin observing it. This means that we’re pretty sure about its position in space. The laws of quantum mechanics prevent us from knowing it with absolute precision, but we can outline a small region where the electron is localized,” says study co-author Andrey Lebedev from MIPT and ETH Zurich.

“假设我们开始观察时电子已经定位。 这意味着我们非常确定其在太空中的位置。 研究的合著者，来自MIPT和苏黎世联邦理工学院的安德烈·列别杰夫(Andrey Lebedev)表示：“量子力学定律使我们无法绝对精确地知道它，但我们可以勾勒出一个局部的电子区域。”

The physicist explains that the evolution of the electron state is governed by Schrödinger’s equation. Although it makes no distinction between the future and the past, the region of space containing the electron will spread out very quickly. That is, the system tends to become more chaotic. The uncertainty of the electron’s position is growing. This is analogous to the increasing disorder in a large-scale system — such as a billiard table — due to the second law of thermodynamics.

物理学家解释说，电子态的演化受薛定er方程控制。 尽管没有区分未来和过去，但包含电子的空间区域将非常Swift地扩展。 即，系统趋于变得更加混乱。 电子位置的不确定性正在增加。 由于热力学第二定律，这类似于大型系统(例如台球桌)中不断增加的混乱。

“However, Schrödinger’s equation is reversible,” adds Valerii Vinokur, a co-author of the paper, from the Argonne National Laboratory, U.S. “Mathematically, it means that under a certain transformation, called complex conjugation, the equation will describe a ‘smeared’ electron localizing back into a small region of space over the same time period.” Although this phenomenon is not observed in nature, it could theoretically happen due to a random fluctuation in the cosmic microwave background permeating the universe.

该论文的合著者，来自美国阿贡国家实验室的Valerii Vinokur补充说：“但是，薛定ding方程是可逆的。在数学上，这意味着在一定的变换下，称为复共轭，该方程将描述一个'污迹'。 “电子在同一时间段内重新定位到空间的一小部分。” 尽管这种现象在自然界中没有观察到，但理论上可能是由于渗透到宇宙中的宇宙微波背景的随机波动而发生的。

The team set out to calculate the probability to observe an electron “smeared out” over a fraction of a second spontaneously localizing into its recent past. It turned out that even if one spent the entire lifetime of the universe — 13.7 billion years — observing 10 billion freshly localized electrons every second, the reverse evolution of the particle’s state would only happen once. And even then, the electron would travel no more than a mere one ten-billionth of a second into the past.

研究小组着手计算观察到电子在自发定位到其最近过去的几分之一秒内被“抹掉”的概率。 事实证明，即使一个人在整个宇宙的整个生命中(137亿年)每秒观察100亿个新定位的电子，粒子状态的反向演化也只会发生一次。 即使到那时，电子的传播速度也不会超过过去的十分之一秒。

Large-scale phenomena involving billiard balls, volcanoes, etc. obviously unfold on much greater timescales and feature an astounding number of electrons and other particles. This explains why we do not observe old people growing younger or an ink blot separating from the paper.

涉及台球，火山等的大规模现象显然会在更大的时间尺度上展开，并具有数量惊人的电子和其他粒子。 这就解释了为什么我们没有观察到老年人越来越年轻或墨水斑点从纸上分离出来的原因。

按需倒车时间 (Reversing time on demand)

The researchers then attempted to reverse time in a four-stage experiment. Instead of an electron, they observed the state of a quantum computer made of two and later three basic elements called superconducting qubits.

然后，研究人员试图通过四个阶段的实验来逆转时间。 他们观察到的是由两个以及后来的三个基本元素(称为超导量子位)组成的量子计算机，而不是电子。

Figure 1. The four stages of the actual experiment on a quantum computer mirror the stages of the thought experiment involving an electron in space and the imaginary analogy with billiard balls. Each of the three systems initially evolves from order toward chaos, but then a perfectly timed external disturbance reverses this process. Credit: @tsarcyanide/MIPT Press Office

图1.量子计算机上的实际实验的四个阶段反映了思想实验的各个阶段，其中涉及空间中的电子以及与台球的虚构类比。 这三个系统中的每个系统最初都是从有序向混沌发展的，但是随后，一个完美定时的外部干扰使这一过程逆转。 图片来源：@ tsarcyanide / MIPT新闻办公室

阶段1： (Stage 1:)

Order. Each qubit is initialized in the ground state, denoted as zero. This highly ordered configuration corresponds to an electron localized in a small region, or a rack of billiard balls before the break.

订购。 每个量子位在基态初始化，表示为零。 这种高度有序的配置对应于位于小区域的电子，或者对应于断裂前的一堆台球。

阶段2： (Stage 2: )

Degradation. The order is lost. Just like the electron is smeared out over an increasingly large region of space, or the rack is broken on the pool table, the state of the qubits becomes an ever more complex changing pattern of zeros and ones. This is achieved by briefly launching the evolution program on the quantum computer. Actually, a similar degradation would occur by itself due to interactions with the environment. However, the controlled program of autonomous evolution will enable the last stage of the experiment.

降解。 订单丢失。 就像电子在越来越大的空间区域上被拖出，或者台球桌上的架子被打破一样，量子位的状态变成了一个越来越复杂的零和一的变化模式。 这是通过在量子计算机上短暂启动进化程序来实现的。 实际上，由于与环境的相互作用，类似的退化本身也会发生。 但是，自主进化的受控程序将实现实验的最后阶段。

阶段3： (Stage 3:)

Time reversal. A special program modifies the state of the quantum computer in such a way that it would then evolve “backwards,” from chaos toward order. This operation is akin to the random microwave background fluctuation in the case of the electron, but this time it is deliberately induced. An obviously far-fetched analogy for the billiards example would be someone giving the table a perfectly calculated kick.

时间倒转。 一个特殊的程序修改了量子计算机的状态，以至于它会从混乱向有序发展。 该操作类似于电子情况下的随机微波背景波动，但是这次是有意诱发的。 对于台球的例子，一个明显牵强的类比是有人给桌子一个完美计算的球。

阶段4： (Stage 4:)

Regeneration. The evolution program from the second stage is launched again. Provided that the “kick” has been delivered successfully, the program does not result in more chaos but rather rewinds the state of the qubits back into the past, the way a smeared electron would be localized or the billiard balls would retrace their trajectories in reverse playback, eventually forming a triangle.

再生。 从第二阶段开始的进化计划再次启动。 只要“踢”成功完成，该程序就不会造成更多混乱，而是将量子位的状态倒带回过去，这是一种将被涂抹的电子定位的方式，或者使撞球反向地追溯其轨迹播放，最终形成一个三角形。

The researchers found that in 85 percent of the cases the two-qubit quantum computer indeed returned back into the initial state. When three qubits were involved, more errors happened, resulting in a roughly 50 percent success rate. According to the authors, these errors are due to imperfections in the actual quantum computer. As more sophisticated devices are designed, the error rate is expected to drop.

研究人员发现，在85％的情况下，两量子位量子计算机确实返回了初始状态。 当涉及三个量子位时，会发生更多的错误，从而导致大约50％的成功率。 这组作者说，这些错误是由于实际量子计算机中的缺陷所致。 随着设计更复杂的设备，错误率有望下降。

The study reported in this story was conducted by researchers from MIPT (Gordey Lesovik, Andrey Lebedev, Mikhail Suslov), ETH Zurich (Andrey Lebedev), and Argonne National Laboratory, U.S. (Valerii Vinokur, Ivan Sadovskyy).

这个故事中报道的研究是由来自MIPT(Gordey Lesovik，Andrey Lebedev，Mikhail Suslov)，ETH ETH Zurich(Andrey Lebedev)和美国Argonne国家实验室(Valerii Vinokur，Ivan Sadovskyy)的研究人员进行的。

翻译自: https://habr.com/en/post/499780/

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