中国将论证建立月球科研基地

The USA's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has chosen three private companies to participate in the development of landing modules for the new Artemis lunar program. Among them are two enterprises that widely use 3D printing technologies in the production of rocket engines — Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin and Elon Musk's SpaceX. NASA seems to approach the matter carefully and generously, financing the development of lunar manned vehicles in three competing directions at once.

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)已选择三家私营公司参与为新的Artemis月球计划开发着陆模块。其中有两家在火箭发动机生产中广泛使用3D打印技术的企业-杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)的Blue Origin和埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)的SpaceX。美国宇航局似乎谨慎而慷慨地处理了这个问题，同时向三个竞争方向资助了登月载人车辆的发展。

The Blue Origin private space company owned by billionaire and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is to develop the three-stage ILV (Integrated Lander Vehicle) to be launched on either promising New Glenn proprietary rocket systems or Vulcan launchers developed by the United Launch Alliance (Boeing and Lockheed Martin). The latter should replace the currently used Atlas V system. Instead of Russian RD-180 engines, they will use BE-4 power units by Blue Origin. Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Draper will take part in the Blue Origin lunar module project.

由亿万富翁和亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)拥有的Blue Origin私人太空公司将开发三阶段ILV(综合着陆器)，该ILV将在有前途的New Glenn专有火箭系统或由美国联合发射联盟(波音和洛克希德·马丁(Lockheed Martin)。后者应替代当前使用的Atlas V系统。他们将使用Blue Origin的BE-4动力装置代替俄罗斯的RD-180发动机。洛克希德·马丁公司，诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司和德雷珀公司将参加“蓝色起源”月球模块项目。

SpaceX presented the Starship project — a Mars-colonizing rocket undergoing preliminary and still problematic tests. Two prototypes have already been lost during the ground testing, but the company does not give up. Strictly speaking, the Starship project is primarily focused on the exploration of Mars; however, the SpaceX program provides for the use of this system for lunar expeditions as well, and in the long term for flights to Mars from the Moon.

SpaceX提出了“星际飞船”项目，这是一种接受初步且仍然有问题的测试的火星殖民火箭。在地面测试中已经丢失了两个原型，但是公司没有放弃。严格来说，“星际飞船”项目主要专注于火星的探索。但是，SpaceX程序也允许将此系统用于登月探险，从长远来看，也可以用于从月球飞往火星的飞行。

The third participant will be the Alabama-based company Dynetics, part of the Leidos corporation. The company is engaged in various developments in the field of aviation, space, automotive industry, information technologies, and cybersecurity, also entering into contracts with NASA, the US Department of Defense, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Dynetics is going to offer DHLS (the Dynetics Human Landing System) along with the ULA Vulcan launchers mentioned above.

第三位参与者将是总部位于阿拉巴马州的Leidos公司的一部分，这是Dynetics公司。该公司从事航空，航天，汽车工业，信息技术和网络安全领域的各种发展，还与NASA，美国国防部和中央情报局签订了合同。 Dynetics将提供DHLS(Dynetics人类着陆系统)以及上述ULA Vulcan发射器。

At least two participants — SpaceX and Blue Origin — make extensive use of additive technologies, which is not unusual, considering the capabilities of metal 3D printing. SpaceX can be considered a pioneer in terms of “space” additive manufacturing: 3D printed parts are used in the design of engines for both the Crew Dragon manned spacecraft being tested and Dragon cargo landers/Falcon launch vehicles that are already in operation.

考虑到金属3D打印的功能，至少有两个参与者(SpaceX和Blue Origin)广泛使用了添加剂技术，这并不罕见。在“太空”增材制造方面，SpaceX可以被认为是先驱：3D打印部件用于正在测试的“乘员乘龙”载人航天器和已经投入使用的“乘龙”载人着陆器/猎鹰运载火箭的发动机设计中。

Blue Origin, for its part, enters the race with two power units employing 3D printed components. It is planned to use the «almost completely 3D printed» BE-7 engine in the lunar module undergoing tests at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center; BE-4 engines will be installed in Vulcan rockets. Vulcan launch vehicles will replace Atlas V systems and will not use Russian components. So, BE-4 engines should displace RD-180 produced by NPO Energomash from the American market. This February, Blue Origin opened a new factory in Alabama, investing in the project at least two hundred million dollars. The company is supposed to produce several dozen rocket engines per year.

就其本身而言，蓝色起源(Blue Origin)凭借两个采用3D打印组件的动力单元参加了比赛。计划在月球舱中使用“几乎完全3D打印”的BE-7发动机，并在乔治C.马歇尔太空飞行中心进行测试。 BE-4发动机将安装在火神火箭中。 Vulcan运载火箭将取代Atlas V系统，并且不会使用俄罗斯组件。因此，BE-4发动机应取代NPO Energomash从美国市场生产的RD-180。今年2月，Blue Origin在阿拉巴马州开设了一家新工厂，至少投资了2亿美元。该公司应该每年生产几十个火箭发动机。

The total amount of contracts for the development of lunar landers is $967 million. The participants are to present their results in ten months, after which NASA will choose whose design will be used in the first Moon expeditions under the Artemis program. The exact date of the first flight has not yet been determined, but NASA plans to return to Earth’s satellite before 2024.

开发月球着陆器的合同总额为9.67亿美元。参加者将在10个月内展示他们的结果，此后，NASA将选择在Artemis计划下的首次月球探险中使用谁的设计。第一次飞行的确切日期尚未确定，但美国宇航局计划在2024年之前返回地球卫星。