敢不敢问导师是不是讨厌自己_您一直想知道的有关人类记忆的一切（但不敢问）...-CSDN博客

敢不敢问导师是不是讨厌自己

Today, we’re launching a new series of articles on memory enhancement, starting with a short overview of how our memory works and the basic training you can undergo to improve it.

今天，我们将发布一系列有关内存增强的新文章，从简短概述我们的内存如何工作以及您可以接受的基本培训来进行概述。

^{jesse orrico — Unsplash}^{杰西·奥尔里科 (Jesse Orrico) —Unsplash}

记忆101：感觉的，短期的，长期的 (Memory 101: sensory, short-term, long-term)

 Human memory is best described as a means of information storage and recall. Accordingly, it can be categorised by the kind of information it stores, and the length of time this recall is possible. We normally split it into three basic categories: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

最好将人的记忆描述为信息存储和召回的一种方式。因此，可以根据其存储的信息种类对其进行分类，并且这种召回的时间长度是可能的。我们通常将其分为三个基本类别：感觉记忆，短期记忆和长期记忆。

感觉记忆 (Sensory memory)

is activated as an instant, automatic response to sensory information — whatever we see, hear, or touch. It is integral to the process of recognising and responding to our surroundings. Its main downside is duration — the contents of one’s sensory memory are renewed every 200-500 milliseconds.

被激活后，可以立即对感应信息做出自动响应，无论我们看到，听到或触摸到什么。它是识别和响应周围环境的过程中不可或缺的。它的主要缺点是持续时间-感觉记忆的内容每200-500毫秒更新一次。

短期记忆 (Short-term memory)

lasts up to 40 seconds. It allows us to reproduce freshly received information without consulting the original source. It is reliable but limited in capacity: for a long time, it was thought that it can only store 7±2 things at once. That idea is traced to a 1956 paper by a cognitive psychologist George Armitage Miller, which detailed the experiments he conducted during his time at Bell Labs.

持续长达40秒。它使我们能够在不咨询原始资源的情况下重现最新接收的信息。它可靠但容量有限：长期以来，人们一直认为它一次只能存储7±2个东西。这个想法可以追溯到认知心理学家乔治·阿米蒂奇·米勒(George Armitage Miller)于1956年发表的一篇论文，其中详细介绍了他在贝尔实验室期间所做的实验。

Miller claimed that people’s short-term memory could store anywhere from 5 to 9 units of information — be it sequences of letters, word, or images. To “get over” this limitation, people used mnemonic devices to put complex information into groups. However, modern researchers think that the number proposed by Miller is too high — and the actual capacity of our short-term memory is closer to 4±1 units of information.

米勒声称，人们的短期记忆可以存储5到9个单位的信息，无论是字母，单词还是图像序列。为了“克服”这一限制，人们使用助记符设备将复杂的信息分组。但是，现代研究人员认为，米勒提出的数字太大了，而我们短期记忆的实际容量接近于4±1个信息单位。

^{Fredy Jacob — Unsplash弗雷迪·雅各布 -Unsplash}

长期记忆 (Long-term memory)

is fundamentally different. It can store information indefinitely, and is much larger in capacity. This can be attributed to the kinds of neural connections it leverages. Short-term memory creates temporary connections in the frontal lobe and the posterior parietal cortex.

是根本不同的。它可以无限期地存储信息，并且容量更大。这可以归因于它利用的神经连接的种类。短期记忆会在额叶和顶叶后皮质中建立临时连接。

Long-term memory creates rigid neural connections across the entire brain.

长期记忆会在整个大脑中产生僵化的神经联系。

While there’s still a lot we don’t know about the human brain, it would be wrong to assume that these memory types exist in isolation from one another. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin were among the first to propose a theory of how they might be connected. Sensory memory is engaged first.

尽管我们对人的大脑还有很多未知的地方，但是假设这些内存类型相互隔离存在是错误的。理查德·阿特金森(Richard Atkinson)和理查德·希夫林(Richard Shiffrin)率先提出了关于它们如何连接的理论。首先进行感觉记忆。

Some of the information it receives is ‘buffered’ before being handed out to short-term memory. If this process is repeated enough times, the information moves from short-term memory to proper storage. Recall reverses the process by moving information from long-term memory to short-term memory.

它收到的某些信息在传递给短期内存之前已被“缓冲”。如果此过程重复足够的次数，则信息将从短期存储移至正确的存储。召回通过将信息从长期记忆转移到短期记忆来逆转该过程。

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart developed a competing theory. They contest that our ability to remember information is contingent on how we process it. The more complex our processing is, the more time it takes, the higher the possibility of us remembering something.

弗格斯·克雷克(Fergus Craik)和罗伯特·洛克哈特(Robert Lockhart)提出了一种相互竞争的理论。他们认为我们记住信息的能力取决于我们如何处理信息。我们的处理过程越复杂，花费的时间越多，我们记住某件事的可能性就越高。

长期记忆的类型 (Types of long-term memory)

In-depth studies of this subject led to the emergence of more complex theories and models. Long-term memory was further divided into two kinds: explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious or hidden).

对这一主题的深入研究导致出现了更复杂的理论和模型。长期记忆又分为两种：外显的(有意识的)和内隐的(无意识的或隐藏的)。

显式记忆 (Explicit memory)

is what we usually refer to when talking about our ability to remember things. According to a theory proposed by Canadian scientist Endel Tunvig in 1972, it can be either episodic (dealing with life events) or semantic (dealing with facts and abstract notions).

是我们通常所说的记忆事物的能力。根据加拿大科学家Endel Tunvig在1972年提出的理论，它既可以是情节性的(处理生活事件)，也可以是语义性的(处理事实和抽象概念)。

^{studio tdes — Flickr studio tdes — Flickr CC BYCC BY}

内隐记忆 (Implicit memories)

are usually divided into procedural ones and those influenced by priming. Priming happens when two consequent stimuli create a set of expectations. It can be used to explain the phenomenon of

通常分为程序性程序和受启动程序影响的程序性程序。当两个随后的刺激创造出一套期望时，就会发生启动。它可以用来解释现象

misheard lyrics. Our expectations have as much bearing on our perception of reality as reality itself — so, when we are exposed to a humorously ‘misheard’ rendition of a song, we start hearing it on our own. Similarly, when someone deciphers a piece of unintelligible handwriting, it becomes easier to read without any assistance. 听错了。我们对现实的期望与对现实本身的期望一样，对我们的期望也有很大的关系。因此，当我们接触到一首歌的幽默“误听”移译时，我们就开始自己聆听。同样，当某人破译了一段难以理解的笔迹时，无需任何帮助即可轻松阅读。

Muscle memory, on the other hand, is a type of procedural memory. Our bodies “just know” how to ride a bike, write, and play sports — once we get used to performing an action, we don’t need to expand any effort to remember how it’s done.

另一方面，肌肉记忆是一种程序记忆。我们的身体“只是知道”如何骑自行车，写作和进行运动-一旦我们习惯了执行动作，就无需花费任何精力来记住它是如何完成的。

The science of human memory isn’t limited to aforementioned theories. Multiple competing proposals were put forward by these scientists’ contemporaries and followers alike. There are many ways to categorize memory — some people put autobiographic memory in a class of its own (nested somewhere between episodic and semantic memory), and a third large category of memory — “working memory” — has, too, been proposed.

人类记忆学不限于上述理论。这些科学家的同时代和追随者都提出了多个相互竞争的提案。有很多方法可以对记忆进行分类-有些人将自传记忆归为一类(位于情节记忆与语义记忆之间的地方)，并且还提出了第三大类记忆-“工作记忆”。

傻但可靠：改进了假人的记忆 (Dumb but reliable: memory improvement for dummies)

There’s no reason not to train your memory. A recent Chinese study even shows that, aside from the obvious benefit of helping you remember things, memory training can help you deal with emotional issues. Here are some of the ways to improve your memory:

没有理由不训练您的记忆。一项最近的中国研究甚至表明，除了可以帮助您记住事情的明显好处之外，记忆训练还可以帮助您处理情绪问题。以下是一些改善记忆的方法：

“成块” (‘Chunking’)

will help you expand your short-term memory. As we mentioned earlier, our short-term memory doesn’t have a lot of ‘slots’. But those can be nested — with multiple items ‘chunked’ together in each. This is why we divide phone numbers into blocks of digits: by doing so, the unreadable 9899802801 becomes the logical 98-99-802-801.

将帮助您扩大短期记忆。正如我们前面提到的，我们的短期记忆没有很多“槽”。但是这些可以嵌套-每个中有多个“块”在一起的项目。这就是为什么我们将电话号码划分为数字块的原因：这样，不可读的9899802801就变成了逻辑98-99-802-801。

There’s no reason to focus too much on your short-term memory, though. Not everything we encounter deserves long-term archival. The restaurant menus, the shopping lists, the strangers’ outfits can all be safely forgotten when they’re no longer of use.

但是，没有理由过多地关注您的短期记忆。并非我们遇到的所有事情都值得长期存档。餐馆菜单，购物清单，陌生人的衣服都可以在不再使用时被安全地忘记。

^{Tim Gouw — Unsplash}^{蒂姆·古 ( Tim Gouw) -Unsplash}

重复很重要 (Repetition matters)

. Might sound obvious, but the frequency with which you revisit a certain subject influences the amount of details you remember about it. The more often you think of something, the better your memory of it is. However, there are a couple of points worth mentioning. First, the breaks between memorization sessions should be neither too long nor too short. Try repeating the same routine at different time intervals to see what works best for you. Second, when trying to recall something complex, you shouldn’t interrupt the process by looking at the answer. It might be tempting — but the more you can naturally extract from your memory, the better your subsequent attempts at memorizing it will be.

。听起来似乎很明显，但是您重新访问某个主题的频率会影响您所记得的细节数量。您想到某事的次数越多，对它的记忆就越好。但是，有两点值得一提。首先，记忆课之间的休息时间不应太长或太短。尝试在不同的时间间隔重复相同的例程，以查看哪种方法最适合您。其次，当您想起一些复杂的事情时，您不应该通过看答案来打断这个过程。这可能很诱人-但是您自然可以从内存中提取的内容越多，后续记忆的尝试就越好。

重新创建正确的环境 (Recreate the right environment)

. Recreating the environment in which you’ll need to use a piece of information — be it a university classroom or your office — will actually help you remember it once you’re there. This is applicable to both semantic memory and muscle memory.

。重建您需要在其中使用信息的环境(无论是大学教室还是办公室)，实际上可以帮助您记住这些信息。这适用于语义记忆和肌肉记忆。

For example, a 1994 study found that baseball players who were thrown random pitches during batting practice performed better compared to those who worked on a single pitch at a time. Actual games of baseball don’t feature any indication of the pitch about to be thrown — unless you’re the 2017 Astros — so re-creating this environment helps develop the correct kind of muscle memory. What’s more, this technique can also be used to combat stage fright and deal with other kinds of stress.

例如， 1994年的一项研究发现，在击球练习中被随机扔出球场的棒球运动员的表现要好于一次只打一个单一球场的运动员。实际的棒球比赛没有任何迹象表明即将投掷的球场-除非您是2017年的太空人-因此，重新创建这种环境有助于培养正确的肌肉记忆力。而且，该技术还可用于对抗舞台恐惧症并应对其他类型的压力。

用你自己的话说 (Say it in your own words)

. This approach ensures a greater depth of information processing. The very process of re-wording something helps us internalize it. In essence, it takes semantic information into the personal realm, taking advantage of our episodic memory for somewhat unrelated purposes.

。这种方法可确保更深入的信息处理。重新措词的过程非常有助于我们将其内部化。从本质上讲，它将语义信息带入个人领域，并利用我们的情景记忆来实现一些无关的目的。

The methods we outlined above aren’t easy, but they’re very effective. In the next article we’ll take a look at other approaches to memory training, as well as various lifehacks and shortcuts.

我们上面概述的方法并不容易，但是非常有效。在下一篇文章中，我们将介绍内存训练的其他方法，以及各种lifehacks和快捷方式。