电子器件 释放静电_电子设备仍然是静电损坏的大问题吗？

电子器件 释放静电

All of us have heard the warnings to make sure we are properly grounded when working on our electronic devices, but have advances in technology lessened the problem of static electricity damage or is it still as prevalent as before? Today’s SuperUser Q&A post has a comprehensive answer to a curious reader’s question.

我们所有人都听过警告，以确保在操作电子设备时已正确接地，但是技术的进步减轻了静电损坏的问题，还是仍然像以前一样普遍？ 今天的“超级用户问答”帖子全面解答了好奇的读者的问题。

Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites.

今天的“问答”环节由SuperUser提供，它是Stack Exchange的一个分支，该社区是由社区驱动的Q＆A网站分组。

Photo courtesy of Jared Tarbell (Flickr).

图片由Jared Tarbell (Flickr)提供。

问题 (The Question)

SuperUser reader Ricku wants to know if static electricity damage is still a huge problem with electronics now:

超级用户阅读器Ricku想知道静电损坏是否仍然是电子产品的一个大问题：

I have heard that static electricity was a big problem a couple of decades ago. Is it still a big problem now? I believe that it is rare for a person to “fry” a computer component now.

我听说静电是几十年前的一个大问题。 现在还是一个大问题吗？ 我相信现在很少有人会“油炸”计算机组件。

Is static electricity damage still a huge problem with electronics now?

现在，静电损坏仍是电子产品的一个大问题吗？

答案 (The Answer)

SuperUser contributor Argonauts has the answer for us:

超级用户贡献者Argonauts为我们提供了答案：

In the industry, it is referred to as Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) and is far more of a problem now than it has ever been; although it has been mitigated somewhat by the fairly recent widespread adoption of policies and procedures that help to lower the likelihood of ESD damage to products. Regardless, its impact on the electronics industry is larger than many other entire industries.

在行业中，它被称为静电放电(ESD)，并且现在比以往任何时候都更成问题。 尽管最近通过广泛采用有助于降低ESD损害产品的可能性的政策和程序已经有所缓解。 无论如何，它对电子行业的影响要大于许多其他整个行业。

It is also a huge topic of study and very complex, so I will just touch on a few points. If you are interested, there are numerous free sources, materials, and websites dedicated to the subject. Many people dedicate their careers to this area. Products damaged by ESD have a very real and very large impact on all the companies involved in electronics, whether it is as a manufacturer, designer, or “consumer”, and like many things dealt with in an industry, its costs are passed along to us.

这也是一个巨大的研究主题，而且非常复杂，因此我只谈几点。 如果您有兴趣，有很多免费的资源，资料和网站专用于该主题。 许多人将自己的职业奉献给这一领域。 受到ESD破坏的产品，无论是作为制造商，设计师还是“消费者”，都会对涉及电子产品的所有公司产生非常巨大的影响，就像行业中涉及到的许多事情一样，其成本也会转嫁给我们。

From the ESD Association:

来自ESD协会：

As devices and the size of their features continuously become smaller, they become more susceptible to being damaged by ESD, which makes sense after a bit of thought. The mechanical strength of the materials used to build electronics generally goes down as their size decreases, as does the material’s ability to resist rapid temperature changes, usually referred to as thermal mass (just like in macro scale objects). Around 2003, the smallest feature sizes were in the 180 nm range and now we are rapidly approaching 10 nm.

随着设备及其功能尺寸的不断缩小，它们变得更容易受到ESD的破坏，这经过一番思考后才有意义。 用于制造电子设备的材料的机械强度通常会随着其尺寸的减小而降低，材料抵抗快速温度变化(通常称为热质量)的能力也会下降(就像在大型物体中一样)。 大约在2003年，最小的特征尺寸在180 nm范围内，现在我们正Swift接近10 nm。

An ESD event that 20 years ago would have been harmless could potentially destroy modern electronics. On transistors, the gate material is often the victim, but other current carrying elements can be be vaporized or melted as well. Solder on an IC’s pins (a surface mount equivalent like a Ball Grid Array are far more common these days) on a PCB can be melted, and the silicon itself has some critical characteristics (especially its dielectric value) that can be changed by high heat. Taken altogether, it can change the circuit from a semi-conductor to an always-conductor, which usually ends with a spark and a bad smell when the chip is powered on.

20年前无害的ESD事件可能会破坏现代电子产品。 在晶体管上，栅极材料通常是牺牲品，但其他载流元件也可以被蒸发或熔化。 可以熔化IC引脚上的焊锡(如今，更像球栅阵列的表面安装等效物)在PCB上可以熔化，并且硅本身具有一些关键特性(特别是其介电值)，可以通过高温来改变。 总而言之，它可以将电路从半导体变为常导，通常在打开芯片电源时以火花和难闻的气味结束。

Smaller feature sizes are almost entirely positive from most metrics perspectives; things like operating/clock speeds that can be supported, power consumption, tightly coupled heat generation, etc., but the sensitivity to damage from what would otherwise be considered trivial amounts of energy also greatly increases as the feature size goes down.

从大多数指标角度来看，较小的功能几乎完全是正面的； 诸如可以支持的工作/时钟速度，功耗，紧密耦合的热量生成等因素，但是随着功能部件尺寸的减小，对损坏的敏感度也将大大提高，否则本来被认为是微不足道的能量。

ESD protection is built into many electronics today, but if you have 500 billion transistors in an integrated circuit, it is not a tractable problem to determine what path a static discharge will take with 100 percent certainty.

如今，许多电子产品都内置了ESD保护，但是如果集成电路中有5000亿个晶体管，那么确定静电放电将以100％的确定性走哪条路并不是一个棘手的问题。

The human body is sometimes modeled (Human Body Model; HBM) as having 100 to 250 picofarads of capacitance. In that model, the voltage can get as high (depending on the source) as 25 kV (though some claim only as high as 3 kV). Using the larger numbers, the person would have an energy “charge” of approximately 150 millijoules. A fully “charged” person would not typically be aware of it and it gets discharged in a fraction of a second through the first available ground path, frequently an electronic device.

有时将人体模型(Human Body Model； HBM)建模为具有100至250皮法拉的电容。 在该模型中，电压可能高达25 kV(取决于电源)(尽管有人声称高达3 kV)。 使用更大的数字，该人将具有大约150毫焦耳的能量“电荷”。 完全“充电”的人通常不会意识到这一点，并且会通过第一条可用的接地路径(通常是电子设备)在不到一秒钟的时间内放电。

Note that these numbers assume the person is not wearing clothing capable of carrying an additional charge, which is normally the case. There are different models for calculating ESD risk and energy levels, and it gets fairly confusing very quickly since they appear to contradict each other in some cases. Here is a link to an excellent discussion of many of the standards and models.

请注意，这些数字假设该人没有穿着能够承担额外费用的衣服，通常是这种情况。 有多种计算ESD风险和能源水平的模型 ，由于在某些情况下它们似乎相互矛盾，因此很快就会造成混乱。 这是对许多标准和模型的精彩讨论的链接。

Regardless of the specific method used to calculate it, it is not, and certainly does not sound like much energy, but it is more than sufficient to destroy a modern transistor. For context, one joule of energy is equivalent (according to Wikipedia) to the energy required to lift a medium-size tomato (100 grams) one meter vertically from the surface of the Earth.

不管用于计算它的具体方法是什么，它听起来都不是，当然听起来也不是很多，但足以摧毁一个现代晶体管。 就上下文而言，一焦耳的能量相当于(从Wikipedia上获得)从地面垂直抬起一米的中等大小的番茄(100克)所需的能量。

This falls on the “worst scenario” side of a human-only ESD event, where the human is carrying a charge and discharges it into a susceptible device. A voltage that high from a relatively low amount of charge occurs when the person is very poorly grounded. A key factor in what and how much gets damaged is not actually the charge or the voltage, but the current, which in this context can be thought of as how low the resistance of the electronic device’s path to a ground is.

这属于纯人类ESD事件的“最坏情况”，在这种情况下，人类携带电荷并将其放电到易受感染的设备中。 当人的接地不良时，会产生相对较低的电荷量而产生的高电压。 损坏的程度和程度的关键因素实际上不是电荷或电压，而是电流，在这种情况下，电流或电流可以认为是电子设备接地的电阻有多低。

People working around electronics are usually grounded with wrist straps and/or grounding straps on their feet. They are not “shorts” for grounding; the resistance is sized to prevent the workers from serving as lightning rods (easily getting electrocuted). Wrist bands are typically in the 1M Ohm range, but that still allows for the quick discharging of any accumulated energy. Capacitive and insulated items along with any other charge generating or storing materials are isolated from work areas, things like polystyrene, bubble wrap, and plastic cups.

在电子设备周围工作的人通常将脚腕带和/或接地带接地。 它们不是接地的“短裤”。 电阻的大小应防止工人充当避雷针(容易被电击)。 腕带通常在1M欧姆范围内，但是仍然可以快速释放任何累积的能量。 电容性和绝缘性物品以及任何其他会产生电荷或存储电荷的材料与工作区域隔离，例如聚苯乙烯，气泡包装纸和塑料杯。

There are literally countless other materials and situations that can result in ESD damage (from both positive and negative relative charge differences) to a device where the human body itself does not carry the charge “internally”, but just facilitates its movement. A cartoon level example would be wearing a wool sweater and socks while walking across a carpet, then picking up or touching a metal object. That creates a significantly higher amount of energy than the body itself could store.

从字面上看，还有无数其他材料和情况会导致ESD损坏(由正负相对电荷差异引起)，从而使设备本身不会“内部”携带电荷，而只是促进其移动。 一个卡通级别的示例是，在地毯上行走时穿着羊毛毛衣和袜子，然后拿起或触摸金属物体。 这样产生的能量要远远大于人体自身可以存储的能量。

One last point on how little energy it takes to damage modern electronics. A 10 nm transistor (not common yet, but it will be in the next couple of years) has a gate thickness less than 6 nm, which is getting close to what they call a monolayer (a single layer of atoms).

最后一点关于损坏现代电子设备所需的能量很少。 10 nm的晶体管(尚不常见，但将在未来几年内使用)的栅极厚度小于6 nm，这已经接近他们所谓的单层(原子的单层)。

It is a very complicated subject, and the amount of damage an ESD event can cause to a device is difficult to predict due to the huge number of variables, including the speed of discharge (how much resistance there is between the charge and a ground), the number of paths to a ground through the device, humidity and ambient temperatures, and many more. All of these variables can be plugged into various equations that can model the impact, but they are not terribly accurate at predicting actual damage yet, but better at framing the possible damage from an event.

这是一个非常复杂的主题，由于存在大量变量，包括放电速度(电荷与地之间的电阻大小)，因此很难预测ESD事件可能对设备造成的损害程度。 ，通过设备到地面的路径数，湿度和环境温度等等。 所有这些变量都可以插入可以对影响进行建模的各种方程式中，但是它们在预测实际损害方面还不是十分准确，但是在确定事件可能造成的损害方面更好。

In many cases, and this is very industry specific (think medical or aerospace), an ESD-induced catastrophic failure event is a far better outcome than an ESD event that passes through manufacturing and testing unnoticed. Unnoticed ESD events can create a very minor defect, or perhaps slightly worsen a pre-existing and undetected latent defect, which in both scenarios can get worse over time due to either additional minor ESD events or just regular usage.

在很多情况下，这是非常特定于行业的(例如医学或航空航天领域)，ESD导致的灾难性故障事件的结果要好于未经注意的通过制造和测试的ESD事件。 未被注意的ESD事件可能会造成非常小的缺陷，或者可能使先前存在且未检测到的潜在缺陷变得更糟，在这两种情况下，由于额外的次要ESD事件或仅仅是常规使用，随着时间的流逝，情况会变得更糟。

They ultimately result in a catastrophic and premature failure of the device in an artificially shortened time frame that cannot be predicted by reliability models (which are the basis for maintenance and replacement schedules). Because of this danger, and it is easy to think of terrible situations (a pacemaker’s microprocessor or flight control instruments, for example), coming up with ways to test for and model latent ESD-induced defects is a major area of research right now.

它们最终会在人为缩短的时间范围内导致设备的灾难性和过早的故障，而可靠性模型无法预测这些时间(可靠性模型是维护和更换计划的基础)。 由于存在这种危险，并且很容易想到可怕的情况(例如，起搏器的微处理器或飞行控制仪器)，提出一种测试和建模潜在的ESD引起的缺陷的方法是当前的主要研究领域。

For a consumer who does not work in or know much about electronics manufacturing, it may not seem to be an issue. By the time most electronics are packaged for sale, there are numerous safeguards in place that would prevent most ESD damage. The sensitive components are physically inaccessible and more convenient paths to a ground are available (i. e. a computer chassis is tied to a ground, discharging ESD into it will almost certainly not damage the CPU inside the case, but instead take the lowest resistance path to a ground via the power supply and wall outlet power source). Alternatively, no reasonable current carrying paths are possible; many mobile phones have non-conductive exteriors and only have a ground path when being charged.

对于不从事电子制造或对电子制造了解不多的消费者，这似乎不是问题。 到大多数电子产品打包出售时，已经有许多保护措施可以防止大多数ESD损坏。 敏感组件在物理上是不可触及的，并且可以使用更方便的接地路径(即，计算机机箱接地)，几乎可以肯定地将ESD释放到其中不会损坏机箱内部的CPU，而是采用最低的电阻路径连接到机箱。通过电源和墙壁插座电源接地)。 或者，没有合理的载流路径； 许多手机具有不导电的外观，并且只有在充电时才具有接地路径。

For the record, I have to go through ESD training every three months, so I could just keep going. But I think this should be sufficient to answer your question. I believe everything in this answer to be accurate, but I would strongly advise reading up on it directly to get better acquainted with the phenomenon if I have not destroyed your curiosity for good.

作为记录，我必须每三个月接受一次ESD培训，因此我可以继续前进。 但是我认为这足以回答您的问题。 我相信此答案中的所有内容都是准确的，但我强烈建议您直接阅读该内容，以使我更好地了解这种现象，前提是我没有永远消除您的好奇心。

One thing that people find counter-intuitive is that the bags you frequently see electronics stored and shipped in (anti-static bags) are also conductive. Anti-static means that the material will not collect any meaningful charge from interacting with other materials. But in the ESD world, it is equally important (to the best extent possible) that everything has the same ground voltage reference.

人们发现违反直觉的一件事是，您经常看到的存储和运输电子产品的袋子(防静电袋子)也是导电的。 防静电意味着该材料不会与其他材料相互作用而收集任何有意义的电荷。 但是在ESD领域，同样重要的是(在最大程度上)所有物体都具有相同的接地电压基准。

Work surfaces (ESD mats), ESD bags, and other materials are all typically kept tied to a common ground, either by simply not having an insulated material between them, or more explicitly by wiring low resistance paths to a ground between all work benches; the connectors for the workers’ wrist bands, the floor, and some equipment. There are safety issues here. If you work around high explosives and electronics, your wrist band might be tied directly to a ground rather than a 1M Ohm resistor. If you work around very high voltage, you would not ground yourself at all.

工作表面(ESD垫子)，ESD袋和其他材料通常都被固定在一个公共接地上，方法是简单地在它们之间不使用绝缘材料，或者更明确地说，是将低电阻路径连接到所有工作台之间的地面上； 工人腕带，地板和某些设备的连接器。 这里有安全问题。 如果您在高爆炸物和电子设备附近工作，则腕带可能直接接地，而不是1M Ohm电阻器。 如果您在非常高的电压下工作，则根本不会接地。

Here is a quote on the costs of ESD from Cisco, which might even be a bit conservative, as the collateral damage from field failures for Cisco typically do not result in the loss of life, which can raise that 100x referred to by orders of magnitude:

以下是有关Cisco ESD成本的报价，甚至可能有些保守，因为Cisco的现场故障所造成的附带损害通常不会导致生命损失，这可能使100倍的数量级增加：

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Have something to add to the explanation? Sound off in the comments. Want to read more answers from other tech-savvy Stack Exchange users? Check out the full discussion thread here.

有什么补充说明吗？ 在评论中听起来不错。 是否想从其他精通Stack Exchange的用户那里获得更多答案？ 在此处查看完整的讨论线程 。

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/262313/is-static-electricity-damage-still-a-huge-problem-with-electronics/

电子器件 释放静电