摄影测量中的什么是光流场_摄影中的“停止”是什么？

摄影测量中的什么是光流场

“Stop” is a photography term that gets thrown around a lot. Someone will describe a photo as a stop under-exposed, or tell you to increase your shutter speed by a stop. The concept can be a little confusing for new photographers, so let’s look at exactly what a stop is and what it means when it comes to photography.

“停止”是一个摄影术语，经常被提及。 有人会将照片描述为光圈曝光不足，或者告诉您将光圈提高一个光圈。 对于新摄影师来说，这个概念可能会有些混乱，因此让我们来看看到底是什么，以及停止摄影的意义。

光圈，快门速度和光圈 (Stops, Shutter Speed and Aperture)

When you take a photograph, the exposure is determined by the area of the aperture and the exposure time (also called shutter speed). Although exposure is basically quantity-less, there are a range of combinations of aperture and exposure time that will create a good photographic exposure. If the aperture is too wide or the exposure time too long, then all you’ll get is a white photo; conversely, if either of them is too low, you’ll just get a black photo.

拍摄照片时，曝光由光圈面积和曝光时间(也称为快门速度)决定。 尽管曝光基本上是少量的，但光圈和曝光时间的组合范围一定会产生良好的照片曝光。 如果光圈太大或曝光时间太长，那么您只会得到一张白色照片； 相反，如果它们中的任何一个太低，您都会得到一张黑色照片。

Since exposure is valueless—you don’t look at a scene and describe it as a 12 stop photo for example—there is no way to talk about things in absolutes. Instead, stops are used to describe relative changes in aperture and exposure time. One stop is equal to a halving (or a doubling) of the amount of light let into the camera by that factor.

由于曝光是毫无价值的(例如，您不会看一个场景并将其描述为12个停靠点的照片)，因此无法以绝对的方式谈论事物。 取而代之的是，光圈用来描述光圈和曝光时间的相对变化。 一站式等于使进入相机的光量减半(或加倍)。

So for example, if you have the shutter speed on your camera set to 1/100th of a second, increasing your exposure by one stop would change the shutter speed to 1/50th of a second (letting twice as much light into the camera). Changing your shutter speed to 1/200th of a second (halving the amount of light let into the camera) reduces your exposure by a stop. As you can probably see, for shutter speed the rule is really simple: to increase your exposure by a stop, halve your shutter speed; to decrease your exposure by a stop, double it.

因此，举例来说，如果您将相机的快门速度设置为1/100秒，那么将曝光增加一档将使快门速度改变为1/50秒(将两倍的光入射到相机中) 。 将快门速度更改为1/200秒(使进入相机的光量减半)可减少光圈。 如您所见，对于快门速度，该规则非常简单：要停止增加曝光量，请将快门速度减半； 要减少曝光量，请将其加倍。

Photographers also talk about half-stops or third-stops. Third-stops are especially important as they’re the increment that most cameras use for their settings. These are just imaginary divisions in each stop. So, to decrease your shutter speed by a third of a stop, you reduce it by a third of the value necessary to decrease it by a full stop. Continuing with the example from above, to decrease the shutter speed of 1/100th of a second by a third of stop, you’d change it to around 1/80th of a second.

摄影师还谈论半停或三停。 第三站特别重要，因为它们是大多数摄像机用于其设置的增量。 这些只是每个站点的虚构划分。 因此，要将快门速度降低三分之一档，可以将快门速度降低三分之一。 继续上面的示例，要将快门速度从1/100秒降低三分之一，请将其更改为1/80秒左右。

With aperture, things are a lot more complicated. When we say we’re using an aperture of f/10, that means the diameter of the aperture is equal to the focal length of the lens divided by ten. If we are using a 100mm lens, that would give us a diameter of 10mm. The amount of light let into the lens through the aperture doesn’t directly depend on the diameter, however, it depends on the area: that’s calculated using πr² where r is the radius. This means that the ratios are a lot harder to calculate in your head. Closing your aperture down to f/20 doesn’t halve the area, it roughly quarters it.

有了光圈，事情就复杂得多了。 当我们说我们使用f / 10的光圈时，这意味着光圈的直径等于镜头的焦距除以10。 如果我们使用100mm的镜头，那我们的直径将为10mm。 通过光圈进入透镜的光量不直接取决于直径，而是取决于面积：使用πr²计算，其中r是半径。 这意味着您很难计算这些比率。 将光圈降低到f / 20不会使面积减半，大约是原来的四分之一。

Above, I’ve created a chart of common aperture values in third-stops. These should correspond to the values you can dial in on your camera. The simplest way to change your aperture by a stop is just to move the aperture dial on your camera three clicks.

上面，我创建了一个第三光圈常用光圈值的图表。 这些应该与您可以在相机上拨入的值相对应。 停止更改光圈的最简单方法是，只需单击三下即可移动相机上的光圈转盘。

The third exposure factor, ISO, is also measured in stops. Like shutter speed, the relationship between the values is simple. To increase your ISO by a stop, double the value, say from ISO 100 to ISO 200. To decrease it by a stop, half it, say from ISO 1600 to ISO 800.

第三个曝光系数，ISO，也以光圈为单位。 与快门速度一样，值之间的关系也很简单。 要使ISO停止增加，请将该值加倍，例如从ISO 100到ISO200。要减少一半，将其停止，例如从ISO 1600到ISO 800。

止损是近似的 (Stops Are Approximate)

There are two things worth noting about stops: first, the values on your camera are approximate and second, that at extreme values, other factors come into play.

关于停顿，有两点值得注意：首先，相机上的值是近似值；其次，在极端值下，其他因素也起作用。

On your camera, when you change the setting you are only adjusting it by about a third of a stop. For example, my camera’s shutter speed goes from 1/100th of a second to 1/80th of a second. That’s a little over a third of a stop (it should be about 1/83rd of a second). This discrepancy doesn’t really matter in the real world, but it’s worth knowing it exists.

在您的相机上，当您更改设置时，您只需要调整约三分之一即可。 例如，我的相机的快门速度从1/100秒到1/80秒。 那是停止的三分之一多一点(应该是1/83秒)。 这种差异在现实世界中并不重要，但值得知道。

When you’re working with extremely long or extremely short shutter speeds, other factors start to come into play. If you shoot a 30 minute exposure in a very dark room, doubling your shutter speed to 60 minutes won’t automatically make everything twice as bright. For most people, this won’t matter. Just know that if you’re working with extremely long or short shutter speeds, things won’t be as clear cut.

当您使用极长或极短的快门速度工作时，其他因素开始起作用。 如果您在非常黑暗的房间中拍摄30分钟的曝光，将快门速度加倍至60分钟将不会自动使所有内容的亮度翻倍。 对于大多数人来说，这无关紧要。 只需知道，如果您以极高或极低的快门速度工作，事情就不会那么清晰。

---

---

Now that you’ve got an idea of what stops are, you should see how they apply to your photography. If a photo looks a little too dark, you know that you need to increase one of your exposure settings by one stop (or, if you’ve already taken the photo, brighten the exposure in Lightroom by one stop).

现在，您已经了解了停止点，现在应该看看它们如何应用于摄影。 如果照片看起来有点太暗，则说明您需要将其中一种曝光设置增加一档(或者，如果您已经拍摄过照片，请在Lightroom中将其增亮一档)。

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/298652/what-is-a-stop-in-photography/

摄影测量中的什么是光流场