北京dns服务器ip地址
介绍 (Introduction)
By the end of this article, you should have a better understanding of:
在本文末尾，您应该对以下内容有更好的了解：
- What DNS is and what it does 什么是DNS及其作用
- What DNS servers do DNS服务器做什么
- How Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses work in the context of DNS Internet协议(IP)地址如何在DNS上下文中工作
重要概念 (Important concepts)
There are some essential mental models to be familiar with when learning about DNS, DNS servers, and IP addresses. Going over these concepts now, before starting to learn about DNS, will
在学习DNS，DNS服务器和IP地址时，有一些基本的思维模型需要熟悉。 在开始了解DNS之前，现在仔细研究这些概念，将会
- help make sense of all the different terms used to describe behavior that fits into these models, and 帮助弄清用于描述适合这些模型的行为的所有不同术语，并且
- aid in memory retention. 帮助保持记忆。
Mental models give you a frame of reference when things get a little weird and unfamiliar.
当事情变得有些奇怪和陌生时，心理模型会为您提供参考。
So let’s lay the groundwork.
因此，让我们奠定基础。
- Query and response. This is when Thing 1 asks Thing 2 for something, and Thing 2 responds to that request. Like this: 查询和响应。 这是Thing 1向Thing 2提出要求时，Thing 2响应该请求的时间。 像这样：
- Parent-child node relationships and graphs that look like this (only more complicated). 看起来像这样的父子节点关系和图(只是更复杂)。
- Messages. It’s not a query and response because there is no response. In the world of DNS, the formatting and content of messages vary according to usage. 讯息。 这不是查询和响应，因为没有响应。 在DNS的世界中，消息的格式和内容根据使用情况而有所不同。
Client-server relationship. In simplest terms, a server is a software or hardware device that provides functionality for other software or hardware devices, called “clients.”
客户-服务器关系。 用最简单的术语来说，服务器是指为其他软件或硬件设备(称为“客户端”)提供功能的软件或硬件设备。
Client-server relationship. In simplest terms, a server is a software or hardware device that provides functionality for other software or hardware devices, called “clients.”
客户-服务器关系。 用最简单的术语来说，服务器是指为其他软件或硬件设备(称为“客户端”)提供功能的软件或硬件设备。
Prepare for a lot of talk about servers. As it turns out, there’s a whole lot of servers that go into this thing we call DNS, and how we, as humans, use it when we connect to the Internet.
准备大量有关服务器的讨论。 事实证明，有很多服务器都在使用我们称之为DNS的服务器，以及当我们连接到Internet时，我们作为人类如何使用它。
什么是DNS？ (What is DNS?)
The Domain Name System (DNS) maps human-readable domain names (in URLs or in email address) to IP addresses. For example, DNS translates and maps the domain freecodecamp.org to the IP address 104.26.2.33.
域名系统(DNS)将人类可读的域名(在URL或电子邮件地址中)映射到IP地址。 例如，DNS会将域名freecodecamp.org转换并映射到IP地址104.26.2.33。
To help you fully understand this description, this section details:
为了帮助您完全理解此描述，本节详细介绍：
- Historical context for the development of DNS - what problems were it and IP addresses solving? DNS发展的历史背景-它和IP地址解决了哪些问题？
- Domain names 网站域名
- IP addresses IP地址
历史背景 (Historical Context)
In 1966, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a US government agency, founded a computer network called ARPAnet. In simple terms, think of ARPAnet as the first iteration of what we now know today as the Internet.
1966年，美国政府机构高级研究计划局(ARPA)建立了一个名为ARPAnet的计算机网络。 简而言之，可以将ARPAnet视为我们如今所知的Internet的第一版。
The main goals of ARPAnet included
ARPAnet的主要目标包括
“(1) providing reliable communication even in the event of a partial equipment or network failure, (2) being able to connect to different types of computers and operating systems and (3) being a cooperative effort rather than a monopoly controlled by a single corporation. In order to provide reliable communication in the face of equipment failure, ARPANET was designed so that no one point or link was more critical than any other. This was accompanied by the building of redundant routes and the use of on-the-fly rerouting of data if any part of the network failed.”
“(1)即使在部分设备或网络出现故障的情况下也能提供可靠的通信；(2)能够连接到不同类型的计算机和操作系统，并且(3)是一种合作而不是由一个人控制的垄断公司。 为了在设备出现故障时提供可靠的通信，ARPANET的设计使任何一个点或链接都比其他任何一个都更为关键。 如果网络的任何部分发生故障 ，则需要建立冗余路由并使用实时数据重新路由。 ”
问题所在 (The Problems)
DNS and TCP/IP were critical in solving two issues with ARPAnet:
DNS和TCP / IP对于解决ARPAnet的两个问题至关重要：
For ARPAnet, there was a single location (a file called HOSTS.TXT) that contained all name-to-address mapping for every host on the network.
对于ARPAnet，只有一个位置(名为HOSTS.TXT的文件)包含网络上每个主机的所有名称到地址的映射。
“HOSTS.TXT was maintained by SRI’s Network Information Center (dubbed “the NIC”) and distributed from a single host, SRI-NIC.[*] ARPAnet administrators typically emailed their changes to the NIC, and periodically FTP’ed to SRI-NIC and grabbed the current HOSTS.TXT file. Their changes were compiled into a new HOSTS.TXT file once or twice a week.”
“ HOSTS.TXT由SRI的网络信息中心 (称为“ NIC”)维护，并从单个主机SRI-NIC分发。[ * ] ARPAnet管理员通常将其更改通过电子邮件发送到NIC，并定期通过FTP发送到SRI- NIC并获取了当前的HOSTS.TXT文件。 他们的更改每周一次或两次被编译到一个新的HOSTS.TXT文件中。 ”
There were three challenges with this set-up:
此设置面临三个挑战：
- Traffic and load - distributing the file was becoming too much for the responsible host to handle. 流量和负载-分发文件变得过多，负责主机无法处理。
- Name collisions - each host had to have a unique name, and there was no centralized authority that prevented network users from adding a host with a conflicting (non-unique) name, thereby “breaking the whole scheme.” 名称冲突-每个主机都必须有一个唯一的名称，并且没有集中的权限来阻止网络用户添加具有冲突(非唯一)名称的主机，从而“破坏了整个方案”。
- Consistency - the act of updating the file and ensuring all hosts had the most updated version became impossible or at least very difficult. 一致性-更新文件并确保所有主机具有最新版本的行为变得不可能或至少非常困难。
In essence, HOSTS.TX was a single point of failure, so the entire process here didn’t scale well past a certain number of hosts. ARPAnet needed a decentralized and scalable solution. DNS was it. Source
本质上，HOSTS.TX是一个单点故障，因此此处的整个过程无法很好地扩展到超过一定数量的主机。 ARPAnet需要一个分散和可扩展的解决方案。 DNS就是这样。 资源
Host-to-host communication within the same network wasn’t reliable enough. TCP/IP helped solve this issue.
同一网络内的主机到主机通信不够可靠。 TCP / IP帮助解决了这个问题。
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides quality assurance measures for the process of turning messages (between hosts) into packets. The TCP protocol is connection-oriented, which means a connection between source host and destination host must be established. 传输控制协议(TCP)为将消息(主机之间)转换为数据包的过程提供了质量保证措施。 TCP协议是面向连接的，这意味着必须在源主机和目标主机之间建立连接。
- Internet Protocol (IP) defines how messages (packets) are carried between source host and destination host. An IP address is a unique identifier for a specific path that leads to a host on a network. Internet协议(IP)定义了源主机和目标主机之间如何传送消息(数据包)。 IP地址是通向网络主机的特定路径的唯一标识符。
- TCP and IP work closely together, which is why they’re usually referenced like “TCP/IP.” TCP和IP紧密协作，这就是为什么它们通常被称为“ TCP / IP”的原因。
- While I won’t dive into it in this article, both TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are used in the data transport layer of DNS. UDP is faster, much less reliable, and doesn’t require connections; TCP is slower, much more reliable, but needs connections. They are used as needed and appropriate in DNS; needless to say, the inclusion of TCP in APRAnet was a valuable addition to the data transport layer. 虽然我不会在本文中深入探讨，但DNS的数据传输层同时使用了TCP和用户数据报协议(UDP)。 UDP更快，更不可靠，并且不需要连接。 TCP较慢，更可靠，但需要连接。 在DNS中根据需要和适当的方式使用它们； 不用说，将TCP包含在APRAnet中是对数据传输层的宝贵补充。
By the early 1980s, DNS and TCP/IP (and therefore, IP addresses) were standard operating procedures for the ARPAnet.
到1980年代初，DNS和TCP / IP(以及IP地址)已成为ARPAnet的标准操作程序。
This history is very abridged. If you’d like to learn more about these topics, please reference the Resources section at the end of this article.
这段历史非常简短。 如果您想了解有关这些主题的更多信息，请参考本文末尾的参考资料部分。
Now that we have some historical context, let’s move on to learning more about domain names and IP addresses.
现在我们有了一些历史背景，让我们继续学习有关域名和IP地址的更多信息。
网站域名 (Domain Names)
In the context of DNS, a domain name provides a user-friendly way to point to non-local resources. This could be a website, a mail system, print server, or any other server that is available on the Internet. A domain name can be more than just a website!
在DNS的上下文中，域名提供了一种用户友好的方式来指向非本地资源。 这可以是网站，邮件系统，打印服务器或Internet上可用的任何其他服务器。 域名不仅可以是网站！
“The goal of domain names is to provide a mechanism for naming resources in such a way that the names are usable in different hosts, networks, protocol families, internets, and administrative organizations.”
“域名的目标是提供一种资源命名机制，以使名称可以在不同的主机，网络，协议族，互联网和管理组织中使用。 ”
A domain name is much easier to remember and enter into a terminal or Internet browser, than an IP address.
域名比IP地址更容易记住和输入终端或Internet浏览器。
A domain name is part of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), but the terms are not synonymous. A URL is the complete web address of a resource, while the domain name is the name of a website and is a sub-component of every URL.
域名是统一资源定位器(URL)的一部分，但这些术语不是同义词 。 URL是资源的完整网址，而域名是网站的名称，并且是每个URL的子组件。
While there are technical distinctions between URLs and domain names, web browsers usually treat them the same way, so you’ll get to the website if you type in the complete web address, or just the domain name.
虽然URL和域名之间在技术上有所区别，但是Web浏览器通常以相同的方式对待它们，因此，如果您输入完整的Web地址或仅输入域名，您将进入网站。
顶级域和二级域 (Top Level Domains and Second Level Domains)
There are two parts to any given domain: top-level domain (TLD) and second-level domain (SLD). The parts of a domain name become more specific when moving from the right (end) to the left (beginning).
任何给定域都有两个部分：顶级域(TLD)和二级域(SLD)。 从右(结束)到左(开始)时，域名的各个部分变得更加具体。
This can be confusing at first. For example, let’s look at “freecodecamp.org”
起初这可能会造成混淆。 例如，让我们看一下“ freecodecamp.org”
- URL: https://www.freecodecamp.org 网址：https：//www.freecodecamp.org
- Domain name: freecodecamp.com 域名：freecodecamp.com
- TLD: org TLD：org
- SLD: freecodecamp SLD：freecodecamp
In the early days of ARPAnet, there were a limited number of TLDs available, including com, edu, gov, org, arpa, mil, and 2-letter country code domains. These TLDs were initially reserved for institutions participating in the ARPAnet, but some later became available on commercial markets.
在ARPAnet成立之初，可用的TLD数量有限，包括com，edu，gov，org，arpa，mil和2个字母的国家/地区代码域。 这些TLD最初是为参加ARPAnet的机构保留的，但后来在商业市场上可用。
Today, there is a comparative wealth of available TLDs, including net, aero, biz, coop, info, museum, name, and others.
如今，有相当数量的可用TLD，包括网络，航空，商务，合作社，信息，博物馆，名称等。
Second-level domains are the domains that are available for individual purchase through domain registrars (for example, Namecheap).
二级域名是可以通过域名注册商(例如Namecheap)个人购买的域名。
IP地址 (IP Addresses)
While IP addresses are related to DNS in their function, the Internet Protocol itself is technically separate from DNS. I’ve already provided historical context for this distinction, so now I’ll explain how IP addresses function.
尽管IP地址在功能上与DNS相关，但是Internet协议本身在技术上与DNS是分开的。 我已经为这种区别提供了历史背景，因此现在我将解释IP地址的功能。
An IP address, as previously mentioned, is a unique identifier for a specific path that leads to a host on a network. I’d like to reference the analogy of a phone number and a phone: a phone number doesn’t represent the phone itself, it’s just a way to reach the person with the phone.
如前所述，IP地址是指向网络上主机的特定路径的唯一标识符。 我想引用一个电话号码和一个电话的类比：电话号码并不代表电话本身，它只是一种联系电话对象的方式。
This analogy is reasonably appropriate (at least, on a surface level), with IP addresses. An IP address represents an endpoint, but it isn’t the endpoint itself. IP assignments can be fixed (permanent) or dynamic (flexible and may be reassigned).
用IP地址这种类比是合理的(至少在表面上)。 IP地址代表一个端点，但不是端点本身。 IP分配可以是固定的(永久的)，也可以是动态的(灵活的，可以重新分配)。
Like a domain name, the organization of IP addresses follows a hierarchical structure. Unlike domain names, IP addresses get more specific going left-to-right. This is an IPv4 example below:
像域名一样，IP地址的组织遵循分层结构。 与域名不同，IP地址的具体含义从左到右。 这是下面的IPv4示例：
- Network: the unique number assigned to your network 网络：分配给您的网络的唯一编号
- Host: identifies the host (machine) on the network 主机：标识网络上的主机(机器)
If greater specificity is needed, network administrators can subnet the address space and delegate additional numbers.
如果需要更高的特异性， 网络管理员可以将地址空间划分为子网，并委派其他号码 。
有多少个IP地址？ (How many IP addresses are there?)
IPv4 was the very first iteration of IP that ARPAnet used in production. Deployed in the early 80s, it’s still the most prevalent IP version. It’s a 32-bit scheme, and can therefore support slightly over 4 billion addresses.
IPv4是ARPAnet在生产中使用的IP的第一个迭代。 部署于80年代初期，它仍然是最流行的IP版本。 这是一种32位方案，因此可以支持略超过40亿个地址。
But wait, is that enough? Nope.
但是等等，够了吗？ 不。
IPv6 has a 128-bit scheme, which allows it to support 340 undecillion addresses. It also offers performance improvements on IPv4.
IPv6具有128位方案，从而可以支持340个十亿地址。 它还可以改善IPv4的性能。
Example IPv4 address:
示例IPv4地址：
- 104.26.2.33 (freeCodeCamp) 104.26.2.33(freeCodeCamp)
Example IPv6 address:
IPv6地址示例：
- 2001:db8:a0b:12f0::1 (the compressed format and not pointing to freeCodeCamp) 2001：db8：a0b：12f0 :: 1(压缩格式，不指向freeCodeCamp)
域名系统如何工作？ (How does the Domain Name System work?)
So, we’ve learned about domain names! We’ve learned about IP addresses! Now how do they relate to the Domain Name System?
因此，我们已经了解了域名！ 我们已经了解了IP地址！ 现在它们与域名系统有什么关系？
First of all, they fit into the namespace.
首先，它们适合命名空间。
域名空间 (The Domain Namespace)
As implied by the language “top” level domain and “second” level domain, the namespace is based on a hierarchy
正如“顶级”域和“第二”级域所暗示的那样，名称空间基于层次结构
“...with the hierarchy roughly corresponding to organizational structure, and names using "." as the character to mark the boundary between hierarchy levels.” Source.
“ ...的层次结构大致对应于组织结构，并使用“。”命名。 作为标记层次结构之间边界的字符。” 来源 。
This tree graph, with the root at the top, best illustrates the structure:
该树形图的根在顶部，最能说明该结构：
Let’s break this down, starting at the top.
让我们从顶部开始进行分解。
The top of this graph, noted with a “.” is called the “root.”
该图的顶部用“。”标记 被称为“根”。
“The authoritative name servers that serve the DNS root zone, commonly known as the “root servers”, are a network of hundreds of servers in many countries around the world. They are configured in the DNS root zone as 13 named authorities.”
“为DNS根目录区域提供服务的权威名称服务器，通常称为“根服务器”，是由世界许多国家的数百个服务器组成的网络。 它们在DNS根区域中配置为13个命名机构。 ”
The root domain has a zero-length label.
根域的长度为零。
From here-on down, each node (dot) in the graph has a unique label up to 63 characters long.
从现在开始，图形中的每个节点(点)都有一个唯一的标签，最长为63个字符。
The first level down from the root are the TLDs: the com, org, edu, and gov. Please note that this graph does not contain a full list of TLDs.
从根目录开始的第一层是TLD：com，org，edu和gov。 请注意，此图不包含TLD的完整列表。
Below TLDs are the SLDs, the second-level domains. The children of each node are called “subdomains,” which are still considered part of the parent domain. For example, in freecodecamp.org, freecodecamp (the SLD) is a subdomain of org (the TLD).
TLD下方是SLD，即二级域。 每个节点的子节点称为“子域”，仍被视为父域的一部分。 例如，在freecodecamp.org中，freecodecamp(SLD)是org(TLD)的子域。
Depending on the hierarchy of the website, there may be third-, fourth, fifth- level domains. For example, in hypothetical-subdomain.freecodecamp.org, hypothetical-subdomain is the third-level domain, and the subdomain of freecodecamp. So on and so forth, at least up to 127 levels, which is the maximum allowed by DNS.
根据网站的层次结构，可能会有第三，第四，第五级域。 例如，在hypothetical-subdomain.freecodecamp.org中，hypothetical-subdomain是第三级域，也是freecodecamp的子域。 依此类推，至少达到127个级别，这是DNS所允许的最大值。
谁管理名称空间？ (Who manages the namespace?)
Wouldn’t it be nuts to try to have one person or organization administer everything? Yes, it would. Especially because one of the chief design goals of DNS was to promote distributed, decentralized management of the system at large.
尝试让一个人或组织来管理所有事情不是很疯狂吗？ 是的，会的。 特别是因为DNS的主要设计目标之一是促进整个系统的分布式，分散式管理。
I wish I could tell you the folks in charge are called the “Namespace Kings,” but alas.
我希望我能告诉您负责的人被称为“命名空间之王”，但是a。
Each domain (or subdomain) in the domain namespace is or is part of a zone, “an autonomously administered piece of the namespace.” So, the namespace is broken into zones.
域名称空间中的每个域(或子域)都属于区域 “ 区域名称 ”的一部分，或者是该区域的一部分。 因此，名称空间分为多个区域。
Responsibility for those zones is managed through delegation and administration.
这些区域的责任通过授权和管理来管理。
The process of assigning the responsibility of subdomains to other entities is called delegation.
将子域的职责分配给其他实体的过程称为委托。
For example, the Public Interest Registry administers the domain name org, and has since 2003. Public Interest Registry may delegate responsibility to other parties to manage subdomains of org, say freecodecamp. And then whoever administers freecodecamp may assign responsibility for the subdomains of freecodecamp (for example, hypothethical-subdomain.freecodecamp.com) to another party.
例如，公共利益注册机构管理着域名org，并且自2003年以来一直运营。公共利益注册机构可以将责任委托给其他方来管理组织的子域，例如freecodecamp。 然后，负责管理freecodecamp的人可以将对freecodecamp的子域(例如，hypothethical-subdomain.freecodecamp.com)的责任分配给另一方。
If someone (an organization, team, or individual) administers a zone, what they’re doing is administering the nameserver that is responsible for the zone.
如果某人(组织，团队或个人)管理区域，那么他们正在做的事情就是管理负责该区域的名称服务器 。
This brings us into one of the most foundational concepts in the Domain Name System.
这使我们进入了域名系统中最基础的概念之一。
域名服务器 (Domain Name Servers)
“The programs that store information about the domain namespace are called nameservers.”
At this point is where thinking about a client-server relationship, at least initially, is useful. Domain nameservers are the “server” side of the client-server relationship. Nameservers may load one, hundreds, or even thousands of zones, but they never load the entire namespace. Once a nameserver has loaded the totality of a zone, it is said to be authoritative for that zone.
在这一点上，至少在最初考虑客户端-服务器关系是有用的。 域名服务器是客户端-服务器关系的“服务器”端。 名称服务器可以加载一个，数百甚至数千个区域，但是它们从不加载整个名称空间。 一旦名称服务器加载了整个区域，就可以说该服务器是该区域的权威 。
To understand why nameservers function the way they do, it’s useful to understand the “client” part of the relationship.
要了解名称服务器为何以这种方式发挥作用，了解关系的“客户端”部分很有用。
解析器 (Resolvers)
In DNS, the client (the requester of information) is called the “resolver,” which may seem backward at first. Wouldn’t the server that is resolving the request be called the “resolver?” I thought so, too, but it’s not. Best to just memorize that and move on.
在DNS中，客户端(信息的请求者)被称为“解析器”，乍一看似乎是倒退的。 解析请求的服务器不会被称为“解析器”吗？ 我也这样认为，但事实并非如此。 最好只是记住并继续前进。
Resolvers are typically included, de facto, in most operating systems, so the applications installed on the OS don’t have to figure out how to make low-level DNS queries.
实际上，大多数操作系统通常都包含解析器，因此，操作系统上安装的应用程序不必弄清楚如何进行低级DNS查询。
DNS queries and their responses are types of DNS messages, and have their own data transport protocol (usually UDP). Resolvers are responsible for helping applications installed on the OS translate requests for DNS-related data into DNS queries.
DNS查询及其响应是DNS消息的类型，并且具有自己的数据传输协议(通常为UDP)。 解析程序负责帮助操作系统上安装的应用程序将对DNS相关数据的请求转换为DNS查询。
In sum, resolvers are responsible for packaging and sending off requests for data. Once the resolver receives the response (if at all), it passes that back to the original requesting application in a format consumable to the requesting application.
总之，解析器负责打包和发送数据请求。 解析器一旦收到响应(如果有的话)，便会将其以消耗给请求应用程序的格式传递回原始请求应用程序。
返回名称服务器 (Back to Nameservers)
Now that we are a bit more familiar with the client-side of the relationship, we need to understand how domain nameservers respond to resolver queries.
现在，我们对这种关系的客户端有了更多的了解，我们需要了解域名服务器如何响应解析器查询。
Nameservers respond to DNS queries through resolution. Resolution is the process by which nameservers find datafiles in the namespace. Depending on the type of query, nameservers respond differently to different queries, but the end goal is resolution.
域名服务器通过解析来响应DNS查询。 解析是名称服务器在名称空间中查找数据文件的过程。 根据查询的类型，名称服务器对不同查询的响应方式不同，但是最终目标是解析。
查询类型 (Query Types)
Type of query? Yes, there are multiple types of DNS queries. But first, what’s usually in a DNS query? It’s a request for information, specifically for the IP address associated with a domain name.
查询类型？ 是的，有多种类型的DNS查询。 但是首先，DNS查询通常是什么？ 这是对信息的请求，特别是对于与域名关联的IP地址的信息。
Recursive: recursive queries allow the query to be referred on to multiple nameservers to be resolved. If the first queried nameserver doesn’t have the desired data, then that nameserver sends the query along to the most appropriate next nameserver, until the nameserver with the desired datafiles is found and sends a response to the resolver.
递归 ：递归查询允许将查询引用到多个要解析的名称服务器上。 如果第一个查询的名称服务器没有所需的数据，则该名称服务器会将查询发送到最合适的下一个名称服务器，直到找到具有所需数据文件的名称服务器，并将响应发送到解析器。
Iterative: iterative queries require the queried nameserver to respond either with the desired data or with an error. The response may contain the IP address of the most appropriate nameserver to send the request to next; the resolver may then send another request to that, more appropriate, nameserver.
迭代 ：迭代查询需要查询的名称服务器以所需的数据或错误进行响应。 响应中可能包含最合适的名称服务器的IP地址，以将请求发送到下一个； 解析器然后可以向该更合适的名称服务器发送另一个请求。
In case you need it, you can also query for the domain name, if all you have is the IP address. This is called a reverse DNS lookup.
如果您需要的话，如果您只有IP地址，也可以查询域名。 这称为反向DNS查找。
Once the query reaches a nameserver that contains the desired datafiles, then the query can be resolved. Nameservers have a number of datafiles associated with them, all or some of which may be used to resolve the query.
一旦查询到达包含所需数据文件的名称服务器，就可以解决该查询。 名称服务器具有许多与之关联的数据文件，所有或部分数据文件可用于解析查询。
资源记录(RR) (Resource Records (RRs))
These are the datafiles in the domain namespace. These datafiles have specific formats and contents.
这些是域名称空间中的数据文件。 这些数据文件具有特定的格式和内容。
The most common RRs:
最常见的RR：
- A Record: if you haven’t heard of any other RRs except for this one, that would make sense. It’s likely the best-known RR and contains the IP address of the given domain. 记录：如果您除了此以外没有其他RR，那将是有道理的。 它可能是最著名的RR，并且包含给定域的IP地址。
- CNAME Record: if you haven’t heard of any other RRs except for this one and the A record, that would also make sense. The “C” stands for “canonical”, and is used instead of an A record, to assign an alias to a domain. CNAME记录：如果除了此记录和A记录之外，您还没有听说过其他任何RR，那也很有意义。 “ C”代表“规范”，并且代替A记录用于为域分配别名。
- SOA Record: this record contains administrative information about the one, including the email address of the administrator. Hint: if you administer a zone, make sure there’s a valid email address here, so folks can get in touch with you if needed. SOA记录：此记录包含有关该记录的管理信息，包括管理员的电子邮件地址。 提示：如果您管理区域，请确保此处有一个有效的电子邮件地址，以便人们在需要时可以与您联系。
Other important Resource Record (RR) types are PR, NS, SRV, and MX. Read about them here.
其他重要的资源记录(RR)类型是PR，NS，SRV和MX。 在这里阅读有关它们的信息 。
缓存和生存时间(TTL) (Caching and Time to Live (TTL))
When the local nameserver receives a response from a query, it caches that data (stores it in memory), so next time it receives the same query, it can just answer the query directly rather than go through the original, longer resolution process.
当本地名称服务器收到查询的响应时，它会缓存该数据(将其存储在内存中)，因此，下次它收到相同的查询时，它可以直接回答查询，而无需经过原始的较长解析过程。
But once this information is cached, it is both static and isolated, and is therefore at risk of becoming out of date. Therefore, resource records all have what is called a time to live (TTL) value, which dictates how long that data can be cached. When that time runs out (reaches zero), the nameserver deletes the record.
但是，一旦此信息被缓存，它既是静态的又是孤立的，因此有过时的风险。 因此，所有资源记录都具有所谓的生存时间 (TTL)值，该值指示可以将数据缓存多长时间。 当时间用完(达到零)时，名称服务器将删除记录。
Important note: TTL doesn’t apply to the name servers that are authoritative for the zone that contains the resource record. It just applies to the nameserver that cached that resource record.
重要说明：TTL不适用于对包含资源记录的区域具有权威性的名称服务器。 它仅适用于缓存该资源记录的名称服务器。
查询生命中的一天 (A Day in the Life of a Query)
We’ve covered a lot of ground in this article, and it’s been heavy on the concepts. To tie this all together and make it real, here’s a day (figurative day) in the life of a query.
我们在本文中介绍了很多基础知识，并且对概念进行了大量的介绍。 为了将所有这些联系在一起并使其成为现实，这是查询生命中的一天(象征性的一天)。
那么，为什么我需要了解所有这些？ (So why do I need to know all of this?)
There are so many reasons to be familiar with DNS and IP address related concepts.
熟悉DNS和IP地址相关概念的原因有很多。
- First, it’s a backbone of the Internet, the thing many of us use, develop feelings for (love/hate/you-name-it), and take for granted every day. It’s important to be familiar with the structures that enable us to accomplish great things today with technology and the Internet today. 首先，它是互联网的中坚力量，是我们许多人使用的东西，对(爱/恨/你的名字)产生感情，并且每天都在理所当然。 重要的是要熟悉使我们能够利用当今的技术和Internet成就伟大成就的结构。
- Incredibly smart people spent decades of their lives building this stuff! Let’s acknowledge and appreciate their contributions. 令人难以置信的聪明人花了数十年的时间来建造这种东西！ 让我们感谢并感谢他们的贡献。
- Now that I got the gushy stuff out of the way, it’s important to be familiar with DNS concepts in case you’re responsible for anything relating to infrastructure in your company or team or your own business. Having a frame of reference when significant issues crop up allows you to act that much faster and find solutions that much sooner. 现在，我已经摆脱了麻烦的东西，重要的是要熟悉DNS概念，以防您负责与公司，团队或您自己的企业中的基础结构有关的任何事情。 当重大问题浮出水面时，有了参考框架可以使您更快地采取行动，并更快地找到解决方案。
结论 (Conclusion)
At this point, you should understand what DNS is and what a nameserver is, as well as be familiar with technical concepts relating to IP addresses.
在这一点上，您应该了解什么是DNS，什么是名称服务器，以及熟悉与IP地址有关的技术概念。
Many books have been written about and dive deeper into the fascinating world of DNS, and there is so much more to learn. The topics that were not included in this article but are either part of DNS or very related include:
已经写了许多书籍，并且深入探讨了迷人的DNS世界，还有很多东西要学习。 本文未包含但与DNS无关或相关性很强的主题包括：
- Nameserver implementations 名称服务器的实现
- Forwarding 转寄
- (More about) node labels (更多关于)节点标签
- Primary and secondary nameserver relationships 主要和辅助名称服务器关系
- Retransmission algorithms 重传算法
- Load balancing 负载均衡
- Plus, other more general topics about the how the Internet functions, like: 另外，还有其他有关Internet工作原理的更一般的主题，例如：
- World Wide Web 全球资讯网
- HTTP HTTP
- FTP 的FTP
- Communication protocol layers: link layer, IP layer, transport layer, Internet layer, etc. 通信协议层：链路层，IP层，传输层，Internet层等
For those of you who are still reading and want to learn more about DNS, I first and foremost recommend “DNS and BIND, 5th Ed.”, written by Cricket Liu and published by O’Reilly Media. It’s invaluable.
对于那些仍在阅读和 要想了解有关DNS的更多信息，我首先推荐由Cricket Liu撰写并由O'Reilly Media出版的“ DNS和BIND，第5版”。 这是无价的。
I also encourage everyone to poke around in the original Request for Comments (RFCs) linked below. Not only are there points for reading primary sources, but they’re also exceptionally well-organized and comprehensible documents, which is why I quoted them in this article.
我还鼓励大家在下面链接的原始“征求意见”(RFC)中四处摸索。 不仅有阅读原始资料的要点，而且它们是组织得很好且易于理解的文档，这就是我在本文中引用它们的原因。
资源资源 (Resources)
RFC 1122: Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers
More about DNS Design Goals, from Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia
How the Internet was Born from the ARPAnet to the Interpret, from The Conversation
Learning DNS Video Course, by Cricket Liu, from O'Reilly Media
关于我的一点 (A bit about me)
I'm Chloe Tucker, an artist and developer in Portland, Oregon. As a former educator, I'm continuously searching for the intersection of learning and teaching, or technology and art. Reach out to me on Twitter @_chloetucker and check out my website at chloe.dev.
我是俄勒冈州波特兰市的艺术家兼开发商Chloe Tucker。 作为前教育工作者，我一直在寻找学与教，技术与艺术的交集。 伸手到我的Twitter上@_chloetucker ，并在检查了我的网站chloe.dev 。
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