python编程堆栈溢出_2020年堆栈溢出开发人员调查– 65,000个开发人员共享他们的薪水，顶尖的编程语言等...

最新推荐文章于 2021-08-23 15:39:18 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-08-23 15:39:18 发布

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文章标签：编程语言可视化大数据 java 人工智能

原文链接：https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/stack-overflow-developer-survey-2020-programming-language-framework-salary-data/

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python编程堆栈溢出

Stack Overflow just released the results of their 2020 survey of more than 65,000 developers.

Stack Overflow刚刚发布了2020年对65,000多名开发人员的调查结果。

Just like with Stack Overflow's past surveys, I’ve combed through their results and summarized them for you, along with my own personal analysis as a developer and a teacher.

就像Stack Overflow过去的调查一样，我对结果进行了梳理并为您进行了总结，并作为开发人员和老师对我进行了个人分析。

This article will give you a snapshot of what the software development profession looks like in 2020.

本文将为您简要介绍2020年的软件开发行业。

Note that in this article, I am only going to focus on the survey results from professional developers – not the students and other people who haven't started working as developers yet.

请注意，在本文中，我将仅关注专业开发人员的调查结果，而不是学生和尚未开始从事开发人员工作的其他人员。

If you want to learn about people who are just getting into the field of software development, I recommend also looking at freeCodeCamp's most recent New Coder Survey of 31,000 developers.

如果您想了解刚进入软件开发领域的人员，那么我建议您也参考一下FreeCodeCamp最近对31,000名开发人员进行的New Coder调查。

Also note that I'm waiting for Stack Overflow to make the entire survey response dataset public (they usually do this a few weeks after they release the result summary). Once they do this, I will link to it here, and I may have some additional data visualizations.

还要注意，我正在等待Stack Overflow公开整个调查响应数据集(通常在他们发布结果摘要后的几周内这样做)。一旦他们这样做，我将在这里链接到它，并且我可能会有一些其他的数据可视化。

For this article, I am sharing Stack Overflow's official data visualizations, along with my own analysis of them and their significance.

对于本文，我将分享Stack Overflow的官方数据可视化，以及我自己对它们及其意义的分析。

First, this article will first cover demographics: age, educational background, and how long people have been coding.

首先，本文将首先介绍人口统计数据：年龄，教育背景以及人们编码的时间。

Second, I'll cover the tools developers use most often, and the tools they're the most excited about.

其次，我将介绍开发人员最常使用的工具以及他们最兴奋的工具。

Finally, I'll cover developer salary and job satisfaction.

最后，我将介绍开发人员的薪水和工作满意度。

一般的专业软件开发人员几岁？ (How old is the average professional software developer?)

Most professional developers are in their late 20s or early 30s. But as we'll see, Indian developers (and there are a lot of them) bring the average age down quite a bit.

大多数专业开发人员都在20年代末或30年代初。但是，正如我们将看到的，印度开发商(有很多)使平均年龄下降了很多。

But contrary to popular belief, coding is not just a young person's game. (I've been trying my darnedest to dispel this myth). 1 out of every 20 developers is age 50 or older.

但是与普遍看法相反，编码不仅仅是年轻人的游戏。 ( 我一直在竭尽全力消除这个神话 )。每20名开发人员中就有1名年龄在50岁或以上。

American developers tend to be older than developers in other countries, with an average age of nearly 34 years.

美国开发商的年龄往往比其他国家的开发商大，平均年龄接近34岁。

Americans also seem to start coding later in life than other countries, and have on average only coded for about 16 years – meaning most of them didn't start coding until after high school.

美国人似乎还比其他国家晚一些开始编码，平均他们只编码了16年左右-这意味着他们中的大多数人直到高中才开始编码。

And that extra coding experience makes a big difference when it comes to your career.

在您的职业生涯中，额外的编码经验会带来很大的不同。

Managers and executives tend to have 14 years or more of coding experience.

经理和主管通常具有14年或以上的编码经验。

Even for front end developers and full stack developers – the two most common first job titles for new developers – people have on average 8+ years of coding experience.

即使对于前端开发人员和全栈开发人员(这是新开发人员最常见的两个职位)，人们平均也有8年以上的编码经验。

Keep in mind that many people are perfectly happy in these roles and stay in them for years. So this does not mean that the average developer has 8 years of coding experience when they land their first full stack developer job.

请记住，许多人都非常高兴担任这些职务，并在其中待了多年。因此，这并不意味着普通开发人员在首次从事全栈开发人员工作时就拥有8年的编码经验。

Most professional developers actually started learning to code between 5 and 14 years ago:

实际上，大多数专业开发人员在5到14年前开始学习编码：

大多数专业开发人员喜欢什么样的教育背景？ (What is the educational background of most professional developers like?)

About 75% of developers finished an undergraduate university degree, and many of those people also went on to get a graduate degree, too.

大约75％的开发人员完成了大学学士学位，其中许多人还继续获得了研究生学位。

3% of professional developers stopped school after completing a 2-year associates degree, and around 17% of developers haven't earned any university degree at all.

3％的专业开发人员在完成2年的副学士学位后停止了学业，而大约17％的开发人员根本没有获得任何大学学位。

This brings me to two important points:

这使我有两个要点：

If you didn't go to college, you're not alone. A lot of professional developers didn't go to college.
如果您不上大学，那么您并不孤单。许多专业开发人员没有上过大学。
But most professional developers did go to college. So maybe think twice before you try to pull a Bill Gates and drop out to launch your own startup.
但是大多数专业开发人员确实上过大学。因此，在尝试拉一个比尔·盖茨并退出创建自己的初创公司之前，请三思而后行。

If you are attending university, you almost certainly want to major in computer science. It is by far the highest paying major in the US, and it's also the most common major among professional developers.

如果您正在上大学，几乎可以肯定要攻读计算机科学专业。它是迄今为止美国薪资最高的专业，也是专业开发商中最常见的专业。

This year, Stack Overflow decided to lump software engineering and computer engineering majors in with computer science. But over the past 8 years, CS has always been by far the most common major.

今年，Stack Overflow决定将计算机工程专业的软件工程和计算机工程专业集中在一起。但是在过去的8年中，CS一直是迄今为止最常见的专业。

Still, it's exciting to see how many other majors are represented here. 4.4% of developers are coming from the natural sciences, 3.6% from math, around 5% from the liberal and fine arts, and even a good mix of health science majors, too.

不过，很高兴看到这里还有其他几个专业。 4.4％的开发人员来自自然科学，3.6％的数学来自，约5％的人文和美术来自健康科学专业，甚至还包括许多专业。

受访者来自哪些地区？ (What regions are the survey respondents from?)

According to Stack Overflow, the regional breakdown of respondents is as follows:

根据Stack Overflow，受访者的地区细分如下：

+-------------------+-----------+
|      Region       | Responses |
+-------------------+-----------+
| Europe            |    24,688 |
| North America     |    15,570 |
| Asia              |    16,400 |
| South America     |     3,070 |
| Africa            |     2,709 |
| Australia/Oceania |     1,570 |
+-------------------+-----------+

女性中有多少受访者？ (How many of the respondents were women?)

Only 7.7% of respondents who were professional developers identified as women. But on a plus note, this number is up from 7.5% in 2019.

专业开发人员中只有7.7％的受访者确定为女性。但值得一提的是，这个数字比2019年的7.5％有所增加。

有百分之几的开发人员在身体或心理上存在差异？ (What percentage of developers live with physical or mental differences?)

Quite a few developers are visually impaired or completely blind. I know several people in the freeCodeCamp community who write code using screen reader tools. And it seems a lot of people in the Stack Overflow community do, too.

相当多的开发人员有视力障碍或完全失明。我认识到freeCodeCamp社区中的一些人使用屏幕阅读器工具编写代码。在Stack Overflow社区中似乎也有很多人这样做。

And around 1 in 5 respondents were living with a mental health or other difference:

大约五分之一的受访者患有精神健康或其他差异：

工具和技术：最常用的编程语言是JavaScript (Tools and technologies: the most commonly used programming language is JavaScript)

JavaScript has been the most-used technology since Stack Overflow started doing the annual survey. So this result is pretty unsurprising.

自Stack Overflow开展年度调查以来，JavaScript一直是最常用的技术。因此，此结果并不令人惊讶。

This said, there are some interesting changes. Dart seems to be growing with the introduction of Flutter for mobile app development.

也就是说，有一些有趣的变化。随着针对移动应用程序开发的Flutter的推出，Dart似乎正在增长。

Kotlin has grown pretty quickly as an alternative for Java development.

作为Java开发的替代方法，Kotlin的发展非常Swift。

And Python seems to be as healthy as ever, as we'll see a bit later.

Python似乎和以往一样健康，稍后我们将看到。

开发人员最喜欢的编程语言 (The most loved programming language by developers)

Rust has been the most loved programming language by developers for the past 4 years. The high-performance language, which just turned 5 years old this month, is used heavily by the Mozilla Firefox team.

在过去的四年中，Rust一直是开发人员最喜欢的编程语言。 Mozilla Firefox团队大量使用了这种高性能语言，该语言本月刚问世5周年。

TypeScript – a statically typed version of JavaScript – also has a passionate fanbase, and was the second most loved language.

TypeScript(JavaScript的静态类型版本)也拥有热情的支持者，并且是第二受欢迎的语言。

开发人员要学习的编程语言 (The programming language Developers want to learn next)

Developers who are already working with other programming languages are most interested in learning Python, JavaScript, Go, and TypeScript.

已经在使用其他编程语言的开发人员对学习Python，JavaScript，Go和TypeScript最为感兴趣。

依开发人员偏好而排名靠前的数据库 (The top database by developer preference)

And in terms of the databases developers most want to learn:

就数据库开发人员而言，最想学习的是：

开发人员的最佳平台 (The top platform for developers)

Linux is the most-loved platform, with 76.9% of developers either using it or expressing interest in using it in the future.

Linux是最受欢迎的平台，将来有76.9％的开发人员使用Linux或表示有兴趣使用Linux。

Docker and Kubernetes – while not operating systems – are also popular platforms to build applications on top of. In terms of cloud platforms, AWS was more popular than Azure, which was more popular than Google Cloud Platform and IBM Cloud.

Docker和Kubernetes虽然不是操作系统，但它们也是流行的平台，可以在其之上构建应用程序。在云平台方面，AWS比Azure更受青睐，而Azure比Google Cloud Platform和IBM Cloud更受青睐。

In terms of developers being excited about platforms, Docker was right at the top with 24.5% of developers wanting to use it for a future project. And the interest around AWS was quite high, too:

就开发人员对平台的兴奋而言，Docker排在首位，有24.5％的开发人员希望将其用于未来的项目。对AWS的兴趣也很高：

大多数开发人员使用什么操作系统？ (What operating system do most developers use?)

As of 2020, nearly half (46%) of developers still use Windows as their main desktop operating system.

截至2020年，将近一半(46％)的开发人员仍将Windows作为其主要的桌面操作系统。

MacOS and Linux are nearly tied for second.

MacOS和Linux几乎并列第二。

A small minority of mavericks out there use BSD. If you want to learn more about that, here's a quick overview of BSD and its benefits.

少数特立独行者使用BSD。如果您想了解更多有关此的信息，这里是BSD及其好处的快速概述。

顶级框架，库和开发人员工具 (The top frameworks, libraries, and developer tools)

Node.js is again the most widely used non-language, non-operating system, non-database tool.

Node.js仍然是使用最广泛的非语言，非操作系统，非数据库工具。

Machine learning tools are becoming more widely used this year, too. Quite a few developers are using TensorFlow, Pandas, and PyTorch.

机器学习工具今年也变得越来越广泛。不少开发人员正在使用TensorFlow，Pandas和PyTorch。

And this may surprise some people, but the most widely used web framework / library in 2020 is still jQuery.

这可能会让某些人感到惊讶，但是2020年使用最广泛的Web框架/库仍然是jQuery。

There's an absurd number of older websites that still use jQuery, even though many developers would love to rip it out of their sites.

尽管许多开发人员都希望将jQuery淘汰出自己的网站，但仍有许多荒谬的旧网站仍在使用jQuery。

If you are trying to ween your websites off of jQuery, this site shows you how to replicate jQuery functionality using plain vanilla JavaScript.

如果您尝试在jQuery网站之间进行导航，则此站点将向您展示如何使用普通JavaScript复制jQuery功能。

The other big takeaways from this chart:

该图表的其他重要内容：

React has been steadily growing.
React一直在稳定增长。
Vue.js and Angular aren't going away any time soon. They are still widely used front end frameworks.
Vue.js和Angular不会很快消失。它们仍然是广泛使用的前端框架。

开发人员如何选择他们的工具？ (How do developers choose their tools?)

This was a new question on this year's Stack Overflow survey: how do developers research new tools and decide whether to use them?

这是今年Stack Overflow调查中的一个新问题：开发人员如何研究新工具并决定是否使用它们？

The most popular approach: if it has a free trial, just give it a try.

最受欢迎的方法：如果可以免费试用，请尝试一下。

This said, most developers don't feel a whole lot of power in determining which tools their team will ultimately use.

这就是说，大多数开发人员在确定团队最终将使用哪些工具时并没有强大的力量。

I suspect one reason for this may be that large companies often have Chief Information Officers (CIOs) who make enterprise software license purchasing decisions at an institutional level.

我怀疑其中一个原因可能是大公司经常拥有首席信息官(CIO)，他们在机构级别上做出企业软件许可证购买决策。

This said, the fact that 18% of developers feel they have "a great deal of influence" is heartening. This figure is probably much higher than it would have been 10 years ago.

这就是说，有18％的开发人员认为他们具有“很大的影响力”这一事实令人振奋。这个数字可能比十年前要高得多。

开发人员如何串联使用不同的技术 (How developers use different technologies in tandem)

One of the coolest parts of this year's Stack Overflow survey is this data visualization, which shows the tools developers most commonly pair with other tools.

数据可视化是今年Stack Overflow调查中最酷的部分之一，它显示了开发人员最常与其他工具搭配使用的工具。

Here are the clusters. The size of each circle corresponds to the proportion of survey respondents who use the tool:

这是集群。每个圆圈的大小对应于使用该工具的调查受访者的比例：

It should be no surprise that Ruby and Rails tend to get used together, or that .NET developers tend to develop on Windows machines and Azure Cloud.

Ruby和Rails倾向于结合使用，或者.NET开发人员倾向于在Windows计算机和Azure Cloud上进行开发也就不足为奇了。

But there are some interesting observations we can make here, too. The fact that MySQL is more closely associated with PHP, for example, is a reminder that the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) is still a widely used toolchain.

但是我们也可以在这里做一些有趣的观察。例如，MySQL与PHP紧密相关的事实提醒我们LAMP堆栈(Linux，Apache，MySQL，PHP)仍然是一种广泛使用的工具链。

Contrast this with MongoDB, which seems to be most widely used with JavaScript ecosystem tools.

与MongoDB相比，MongoDB似乎在JavaScript生态系统工具中使用最广泛。

Angular embraced TypeScript back in 2015, and it is now more commonly associated with TypeScript than it is with JavaScript.

Angular早在2015年就接受了TypeScript，现在它与TypeScript的关联比与JavaScript的关联更为普遍。

Dart started out as a web development tool at Google. Rather than being incorporated into Angular, it is now more commonly associated with mobile app development, thanks to the surging popularity of the Flutter framework.

Dart最初是Google的网络开发工具。由于Flutter框架的Swift普及，它现在不再与Angular集成，而是与移动应用程序开发更加相关。

In the upper left hand corner, we also get some insight into the tools that DevOps and Site Reliability Engineers use most. We can even see the overlap with the whole data science and machine learning fields.

在左上角，我们还可以深入了解DevOps和站点可靠性工程师最常使用的工具。我们甚至可以看到与整个数据科学和机器学习领域的重叠。

The conclusions I'm drawing from this chart may be overly broad. I am excited to dig into Stack Overflow's full dataset once they release it, and see whether the data bears out these observations.

我从这张图表中得出的结论可能过于宽泛。我很高兴深入研究Stack Overflow的完整数据集(一旦发布)，并查看数据是否符合这些观察结果。

开发人员多久学习一次新技术？ (How often do developers learn new technologies?)

Professional developers pick up new tools often. Nearly ¾ of them seem to learn at least one new technology every year.

专业的开发人员经常选择新工具。似乎每年有将近3/4的人至少学习一种新技术。

工作寿命：自营职业的开发商比例是多少？ (Working life: what percentage of developers are self-employed?)

A vast majority of professional developers work for an employer. Less than 10% of them were self-employed or working as freelancers or contractors when surveyed in February 2020.

绝大多数专业开发商都为雇主工作。在2020年2月进行的调查中，只有不到10％的个体经营者或自由职业者或承包商。

Also note that 1 out of every 8 respondents were students, but even some of those students identified as professional developers. These students may have gotten internships or even full-time developer jobs while still finishing school.

还要注意的是，每8位受访者中有1位是学生，但其中有些学生被认为是专业开发人员。这些学生可能仍在完成学业时获得了实习甚至全职开发人员的工作。

Most developers work at small or medium-sized businesses (SMBs). Only about 35% of them work at companies with more than 500 employees.

大多数开发人员都在中小企业(SMB)中工作。他们中只有约35％在拥有500多名员工的公司工作。

For some perspective, out of the FAANG software companies, Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Apple all have more than 10,000 employees. Netflix had just under 10,000 employees in 2019, and probably has more than that now. Microsoft, which isn't included in FAANG for some reason (maybe it would make the acronym unpronounceable?) also has more than 10,000 employees.

从某种角度来看，在FAANG软件公司中，Google，Facebook，Amazon和Apple均拥有10,000多名员工。 Netflix在2019年拥有不到10,000名员工，并且可能比现在更多。微软由于某些原因未包括在FAANG中(也许会使首字母缩略词不发音？)也有10,000多名员工。

My point is that all of these "name brand" software companies and their peers only employ about 14% of developers. Most developers are working at companies you haven't heard of. Many of them aren't even working at tech companies, but rather at banks, hospitals, and local governments. As of 2020, Pretty much every Fortune 1000 company has software engineers on staff.

我的观点是，所有这些“名牌”软件公司及其同行仅雇用大约14％的开发人员。大多数开发人员都在您从未听说过的公司工作。他们中的许多人甚至没有在科技公司工作，而是在银行，医院和地方政府工作。截至2020年，几乎每个《财富》 1000强公司都拥有软件工程师。

Less than half of respondents considered their company's new developer onboarding process to be "good".

不到一半的受访者认为他们公司的新开发人员入职流程“良好”。

But about 65% of them were satisfied with their jobs.

但是他们中约有65％对工作感到满意。

The main consideration that spurs developers to start looking for new jobs? Money. Not a huge surprise there.

促使开发人员开始寻找新工作的主要考虑因素是什么？钱。那里并不奇怪。

But what is surprising is that a desire to work with new technologies came in second – above growth and leadership opportunities and work/life balance.

但是令人惊讶的是，与新技术打交道的愿望排在第二位–高于增长和领导机会以及工作与生活的平衡。

And when it comes to job satisfaction, "Languages, frameworks, and other technologies I'd be working with" was the main consideration for most developers. But... only for men.

在工作满意度方面，“大多数语言，框架和我将使用的其他技术”是大多数开发人员的主要考虑因素。但是...只适合男人。

For the 3,694 women who responded to the survey, "office environment and company culture" was the most important consideration. The technologies they'd be working with were a tertiary consideration.

对于接受调查的3694名女性，“办公环境和公司文化”是最重要的考虑因素。他们将使用的技术是一个第三考虑因素。

There are some other differences as well. Diversity was a much more important consideration for women.

还有其他一些区别。多样性是妇女更为重要的考虑因素。

2020年开发人员的平均工资是多少？ (What is the average developer salary in 2020?)

Here's a really cool data visualization from the report. The Y axis is median salary, and the X axis is years of programming experience. Study this for a moment:

这是报表中非常酷的数据可视化。 Y轴是工资中位数，X轴是多年编程经验。研究一下：

If you want to get a high wage earlier in your career, it would seem that DevOps and Site Reliability Engineering are your golden tickets.

如果您想在职业生涯的早期获得高薪，似乎DevOps和Site Reliability Engineering是您的金钥匙。

But before you rush out to start reading Linux man pages, I would be remiss to not point out: all of the jobs here fall between 7 and 12 years of professional programming experience.

但是在急着开始阅读Linux man页之前，我会不遗余力地指出：这里的所有工作都需要7到12年的专业编程经验。

One mistake I often see people make is to prematurely specialize. Your first developer job is unlikely to be as a DevOps engineer. Most likely, it will be as a full stack developer. You'll specialize on-the-job from there, according to the work your bosses assign to you.

我经常看到人们犯的一个错误是过早地专业化。您的第一份开发人员工作不太可能是担任DevOps工程师。最有可能的是，它将成为一名全栈开发人员。根据老板分配给您的工作，您将在那里专门从事在职工作。

But this chart is a helpful guide, because of the sheer volume of responses and the resulting statistical significance. And it may give you some ideas for what types of dev team responsibilities you should ask your boss for.

但是，由于响应的数量庞大且具有统计意义，因此该图表是有用的指南。它可能会给您一些思路，让您了解应向老板要求哪种类型的开发团队职责。

Also keep in mind that these numbers are global. Here is the difference between salaries globally and salaries here in the US, which has traditionally been the highest-paid developer market in the world.

还请记住，这些数字是全球性的。这是全球薪资与美国薪资之间的区别，美国历来是薪资最高的开发商市场。

First, global salaries for different roles, based on 34,279 survey responses (in US dollars):

首先，根据34,279份调查回复(以美元为单位)，列出了不同职位的全球薪资：

Now here are the United States wages for different roles, based on 8,006 responses:

现在这是根据8,006个答复得出的不同职位的美国工资：

US developers earn a $60,000 premium over their non-US counterparts across the board.

美国开发商的收入比非美国开发商高出60,000美元。

One thing you'll note from looking at these charts: back end developers in the US seem to average about $8,000 more than full stack developers do, but full stack developers make slightly more outside the US.

通过查看这些图表，您会注意到一件事：在美国，后端开发人员的平均收入似乎比全栈开发人员平均高出8,000美元，但全栈开发人员在美国以外的地区赚取的利润略多。

I'm not certain why this is, but I speculate this is because the US software industry is older than in most other countries. Thus it has a higher degree of job specialization. Since full stack development is a superset of back end development, many of today's full stack developers will specialize on the job and become tomorrow's back end developers.

我不确定为什么会这样，但是我推测这是因为美国软件业比其他大多数国家都老。因此，它具有更高的工作专业化程度。由于全栈开发是后端开发的超集，因此当今许多全栈开发人员将专注于这项工作，并成为明天的后端开发人员。