用于探索目标文件的UNIX工具

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-22 07:31:06 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-02-22 07:31:06 发布

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文章标签： python linux java 编程语言人工智能

原文链接：https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-unixtools.html

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现代计算机编程艺术将一种特殊的人类个性与一组特殊的工具结合在一起，以产生一种相当虚幻的产品-软件-其他人认为有用的产品。计算机程序员是注重细节的人，能够解决计算机的难题。计算机的要求是严格的，完全不能容忍与这些要求的偏差。毫无疑问，无论您的个性如何，计算机都很难编程，并且已经创建了许多工具来帮助您简化任务。

在UNIX®和Linux®中，所有内容都是文件。您可以说UNIX和Linux编程的非常必要的条件是编写代码来处理文件。系统中有许多类型的文件，但是目标文件具有特殊的设计，可以灵活，多用途地使用。

目标文件是路线图，其中包含带有附加地址和值的助记符。这些符号用于命名已初始化和未初始化的代码和数据的各个部分。它们还用于查找嵌入式调试信息，并且与语义Web一样，可以被程序完全读取。

贸易工具

计算机编程行业的工具始于诸如vi或Emacs之类的代码编辑器，您可以使用该代码编辑器键入和编辑希望计算机执行所需任务所遵循的指令，最后以编译器和链接器结束实际实现这些目标的机器代码。

被称为集成调试环境（IDE）的高级工具将具有统一外观的单个工具的功能集成在一起。 IDE可以极大地模糊编辑器，编译器，链接器和调试器之间的界限。因此，为了更深入地学习和学习系统，通常建议在使用集成套件之前单独使用工具。（ 注意： IDE也经常被称为集成开发环境。）

编译器将您在代码编辑器中创建的文本转换为目标文件。目标文件最初被称为代码的中间表示形式，因为它用作链接编辑器（换句话说，链接器）的输入，链接编辑器完成任务并生成可执行程序作为输出。

从代码到可执行文件的转换过程是定义明确且自动化的，并且目标文件是链中必不可少的链接。在转换过程中，目标文件充当链接编辑器的映射，使它们能够解析符号并将各种代码和数据部分缝合在一起，形成一个统一的整体。

历史

在计算机编程领域中存在许多著名的目标文件格式。 DOS系列包括COM ， OBJ和EXE格式。 UNIX和Linux使用a.out ， COFF和ELF 。 Microsoft®Windows®使用可移植可执行（PE）格式，而Macintosh使用PEF ， Mach-O等。

最初，每种类型的计算机都有其自己独特的目标文件格式，但是随着UNIX和其他设计为可在不同硬件平台之间移植的操作系统的出现，某些通用文件格式已提升为通用标准。其中有a.out ， COFF和ELF格式。

了解目标文件需要一组工具，这些工具可以读取目标文件的各个部分并以更具可读性的格式显示它们。本文讨论了这些工具的一些更重要的方面。但是首先，您必须创建一个工作台，并在其上放置一个受害者（呃，一个病人）。

工作台

启动一个xterm会话，让我们开始通过创建一个干净的工作台来探索目标文件。以下命令创建了一个有用的位置来处理目标文件：

cd
mkdir src
cd src
mkdir hw
cd hw

然后，使用您喜欢的代码编辑器，在$ HOME / src / hw目录中键入清单1所示的程序，并将其命名为hw.c。

清单1. hw.c程序

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
  printf("Hello World!\n");
  return 0;
}

这个简单的“ Hello World”程序可让患者学习UNIX军械库中可用的各种工具。无需花费任何捷径来创建可执行文件（并且有许多捷径），您将花费时间来构建和检查目标文件的输出。

档案格式

C编译器的正常输出是您指定为目标的任何处理器的汇编代码。汇编程序代码输入到汇编程序，汇编程序默认生成所有目标文件a.out文件的祖父。该名称本身代表汇编程序输出。要创建a.out文件，请在xterm窗口中键入以下命令：

cc hw.c

注意：如果遇到任何错误或未创建a.out文件，则可能需要检查系统或源文件（hw.c）中是否存在错误。还请检查是否已定义cc以运行C/C++编译器。

现代C编译器将编译和汇编步骤组合为一个步骤。您可以调用开关以仅查看C编译器的汇编输出。通过键入以下命令，您可以查看C编译器的汇编输出：

cc -S hw.c

该命令已生成一个新文件hw.s，其中包含您通常不会看到的汇编程序输入文本，因为编译器默认会生成a.out文件。如预期的那样，UNIX汇编程序可以汇编这种类型的输入文件以生成a.out文件。

UNIX专用工具

假设一切顺利进行编译，并且目录中有一个a.out文件，让我们对其进行检查。在用于检查目标文件的有用工具列表中，存在以下一组：

nm：列出目标文件中的符号。
objdump：显示目标文件中的详细信息。
readelf：显示有关ELF对象文件的信息。

列表上的第一个工具是nm，它列出了目标文件中的符号。如果键入nm命令，则会注意到它默认情况下会查找名为a.out的文件。如果找不到该文件，则该工具会抱怨。但是，如果该工具确实找到了您的编译器创建的a.out文件，它将显示类似于清单2的清单。

清单2. nm命令的输出

08049594 A __bss_start
080482e4 t call_gmon_start
08049594 b completed.4463
08049498 d __CTOR_END__
08049494 d __CTOR_LIST__
08049588 D __data_start
08049588 W data_start
0804842c t __do_global_ctors_aux
0804830c t __do_global_dtors_aux
0804958c D __dso_handle
080494a0 d __DTOR_END__
0804949c d __DTOR_LIST__
080494a8 d _DYNAMIC
08049594 A _edata
08049598 A _end
08048458 T _fini
08049494 a __fini_array_end
08049494 a __fini_array_start
08048478 R _fp_hw
0804833b t frame_dummy
08048490 r __FRAME_END__
08049574 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
         w __gmon_start__
08048308 T __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
08048278 T _init
08049494 a __init_array_end
08049494 a __init_array_start
0804847c R _IO_stdin_used
080494a4 d __JCR_END__
080494a4 d __JCR_LIST__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses
080483e1 T __libc_csu_fini
08048390 T __libc_csu_init
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
08048360 T main
08049590 d p.4462
         U puts@@GLIBC_2.0
080482c0 T _start

包含可执行代码的部分称为文本部分或段。同样，存在用于包含不可执行的信息或数据的数据节或段。 BSS名称已知的另一种类型的节包含以符号数据开头的块。

对于nm命令列出的每个符号，该符号的值以十六进制表示（默认情况下），并且带有编码字符的符号类型位于该符号之前。您通常看到的各种代码都包含A（代表绝对值），这意味着该值不会因进一步链接而改变； B表示在BSS部分中找到的符号；或C为引用未初始化数据的通用符号。

目标文件包含许多不同的部分，这些部分分为多个部分。这些节可以包含可执行代码，符号名称，初始化的数据值以及许多其他类型的数据。有关所有这些数据类型的详细信息，请考虑阅读nm上的UNIX手册页，其中每种类型均由命令输出中显示的字符代码描述。

细节，细节。。。

甚至简单的Hello World程序在到达目标文件阶段时也包含大量详细信息。 nm程序非常适合列出符号及其类型和值，但要更详细地检查目标文件中那些命名部分的内容，则需要更强大的工具。

这些更强大的工具中的两个是objdump和readelf程序。通过键入以下命令，您可以在目标文件中看到包含可执行代码的每个节的程序集列表。编译器实际上为如此小的程序生成了多少代码，这是否令人惊讶？

objdump -d a.out

此命令产生的输出如清单3所示。可执行代码的每个部分均在需要发生特定事件时运行，包括诸如库初始化和程序本身的主要开始入口之类的事件。

清单3：objdump命令的输出

a.out:     file format elf32-i386

Disassembly of section .init:

08048278 <_init>:
 8048278:       55                      push   %ebp
 8048279:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 804827b:       83 ec 08                sub    $0x8,%esp
 804827e:       e8 61 00 00 00          call   80482e4 <call_gmon_start>
 8048283:       e8 b3 00 00 00          call   804833b <frame_dummy>
 8048288:       e8 9f 01 00 00          call   804842c <__do_global_ctors_aux>
 804828d:       c9                      leave
 804828e:       c3                      ret
Disassembly of section .plt:

08048290 <puts@plt-0x10>:
 8048290:       ff 35 78 95 04 08       pushl  0x8049578
 8048296:       ff 25 7c 95 04 08       jmp    *0x804957c
 804829c:       00 00                   add    %al,(%eax)
        ...

080482a0 <puts@plt>:
 80482a0:       ff 25 80 95 04 08       jmp    *0x8049580
 80482a6:       68 00 00 00 00          push   $0x0
 80482ab:       e9 e0 ff ff ff          jmp    8048290 <_init+0x18>

080482b0 <__libc_start_main@plt>:
 80482b0:       ff 25 84 95 04 08       jmp    *0x8049584
 80482b6:       68 08 00 00 00          push   $0x8
 80482bb:       e9 d0 ff ff ff          jmp    8048290 <_init+0x18>
Disassembly of section .text:

080482c0 <_start>:
 80482c0:       31 ed                   xor    %ebp,%ebp
 80482c2:       5e                      pop    %esi
 80482c3:       89 e1                   mov    %esp,%ecx
 80482c5:       83 e4 f0                and    $0xfffffff0,%esp
 80482c8:       50                      push   %eax
 80482c9:       54                      push   %esp
 80482ca:       52                      push   %edx
 80482cb:       68 e1 83 04 08          push   $0x80483e1
 80482d0:       68 90 83 04 08          push   $0x8048390
 80482d5:       51                      push   %ecx
 80482d6:       56                      push   %esi
 80482d7:       68 60 83 04 08          push   $0x8048360
 80482dc:       e8 cf ff ff ff          call   80482b0 <__libc_start_main@plt>
 80482e1:       f4                      hlt
 80482e2:       90                      nop
 80482e3:       90                      nop

080482e4 <call_gmon_start>:
 80482e4:       55                      push   %ebp
 80482e5:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 80482e7:       53                      push   %ebx
 80482e8:       e8 1b 00 00 00          call   8048308 <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>
 80482ed:       81 c3 87 12 00 00       add    $0x1287,%ebx
 80482f3:       83 ec 04                sub    $0x4,%esp
 80482f6:       8b 83 fc ff ff ff       mov    0xfffffffc(%ebx),%eax
 80482fc:       85 c0                   test   %eax,%eax
 80482fe:       74 02                   je     8048302 <call_gmon_start+0x1e>
 8048300:       ff d0                   call   *%eax
 8048302:       83 c4 04                add    $0x4,%esp
 8048305:       5b                      pop    %ebx
 8048306:       5d                      pop    %ebp
 8048307:       c3                      ret

08048308 <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>:
 8048308:       8b 1c 24                mov    (%esp),%ebx
 804830b:       c3                      ret

0804830c <__do_global_dtors_aux>:
 804830c:       55                      push   %ebp
 804830d:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 804830f:       83 ec 08                sub    $0x8,%esp
 8048312:       80 3d 94 95 04 08 00    cmpb   $0x0,0x8049594
 8048319:       74 0c                   je     8048327 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x1b>
 804831b:       eb 1c                   jmp    8048339 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x2d>
 804831d:       83 c0 04                add    $0x4,%eax
 8048320:       a3 90 95 04 08          mov    %eax,0x8049590
 8048325:       ff d2                   call   *%edx
 8048327:       a1 90 95 04 08          mov    0x8049590,%eax
 804832c:       8b 10                   mov    (%eax),%edx
 804832e:       85 d2                   test   %edx,%edx
 8048330:       75 eb                   jne    804831d <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x11>
 8048332:       c6 05 94 95 04 08 01    movb   $0x1,0x8049594
 8048339:       c9                      leave
 804833a:       c3                      ret

0804833b <frame_dummy>:
 804833b:       55                      push   %ebp
 804833c:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 804833e:       83 ec 08                sub    $0x8,%esp
 8048341:       a1 a4 94 04 08          mov    0x80494a4,%eax
 8048346:       85 c0                   test   %eax,%eax
 8048348:       74 12                   je     804835c <frame_dummy+0x21>
 804834a:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
 804834f:       85 c0                   test   %eax,%eax
 8048351:       74 09                   je     804835c <frame_dummy+0x21>
 8048353:       c7 04 24 a4 94 04 08    movl   $0x80494a4,(%esp)
 804835a:       ff d0                   call   *%eax
 804835c:       c9                      leave
 804835d:       c3                      ret
 804835e:       90                      nop
 804835f:       90                      nop

08048360 <main>:
 8048360:       55                      push   %ebp
 8048361:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 8048363:       83 ec 08                sub    $0x8,%esp
 8048366:       83 e4 f0                and    $0xfffffff0,%esp
 8048369:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
 804836e:       83 c0 0f                add    $0xf,%eax
 8048371:       83 c0 0f                add    $0xf,%eax
 8048374:       c1 e8 04                shr    $0x4,%eax
 8048377:       c1 e0 04                shl    $0x4,%eax
 804837a:       29 c4                   sub    %eax,%esp
 804837c:       c7 04 24 80 84 04 08    movl   $0x8048480,(%esp)
 8048383:       e8 18 ff ff ff          call   80482a0 <puts@plt>
 8048388:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
 804838d:       c9                      leave
 804838e:       c3                      ret
 804838f:       90                      nop

08048390 <__libc_csu_init>:
 8048390:       55                      push   %ebp
 8048391:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 8048393:       57                      push   %edi
 8048394:       56                      push   %esi
 8048395:       31 f6                   xor    %esi,%esi
 8048397:       53                      push   %ebx
 8048398:       e8 6b ff ff ff          call   8048308 <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>
 804839d:       81 c3 d7 11 00 00       add    $0x11d7,%ebx
 80483a3:       83 ec 0c                sub    $0xc,%esp
 80483a6:       e8 cd fe ff ff          call   8048278 <_init>
 80483ab:       8d 83 20 ff ff ff       lea    0xffffff20(%ebx),%eax
 80483b1:       8d 93 20 ff ff ff       lea    0xffffff20(%ebx),%edx
 80483b7:       89 45 f0                mov    %eax,0xfffffff0(%ebp)
 80483ba:       29 d0                   sub    %edx,%eax
 80483bc:       c1 f8 02                sar    $0x2,%eax
 80483bf:       39 c6                   cmp    %eax,%esi
 80483c1:       73 16                   jae    80483d9 <__libc_csu_init+0x49>
 80483c3:       89 d7                   mov    %edx,%edi
 80483c5:       ff 14 b2                call   *(%edx,%esi,4)
 80483c8:       8b 45 f0                mov    0xfffffff0(%ebp),%eax
 80483cb:       83 c6 01                add    $0x1,%esi
 80483ce:       29 f8                   sub    %edi,%eax
 80483d0:       89 fa                   mov    %edi,%edx
 80483d2:       c1 f8 02                sar    $0x2,%eax
 80483d5:       39 c6                   cmp    %eax,%esi
 80483d7:       72 ec                   jb     80483c5 <__libc_csu_init+0x35>
 80483d9:       83 c4 0c                add    $0xc,%esp
 80483dc:       5b                      pop    %ebx
 80483dd:       5e                      pop    %esi
 80483de:       5f                      pop    %edi
 80483df:       5d                      pop    %ebp
 80483e0:       c3                      ret

080483e1 <__libc_csu_fini>:
 80483e1:       55                      push   %ebp
 80483e2:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 80483e4:       83 ec 18                sub    $0x18,%esp
 80483e7:       89 5d f4                mov    %ebx,0xfffffff4(%ebp)
 80483ea:       e8 19 ff ff ff          call   8048308 <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>
 80483ef:       81 c3 85 11 00 00       add    $0x1185,%ebx
 80483f5:       89 75 f8                mov    %esi,0xfffffff8(%ebp)
 80483f8:       89 7d fc                mov    %edi,0xfffffffc(%ebp)
 80483fb:       8d b3 20 ff ff ff       lea    0xffffff20(%ebx),%esi
 8048401:       8d bb 20 ff ff ff       lea    0xffffff20(%ebx),%edi
 8048407:       29 fe                   sub    %edi,%esi
 8048409:       c1 fe 02                sar    $0x2,%esi
 804840c:       eb 03                   jmp    8048411 <__libc_csu_fini+0x30>
 804840e:       ff 14 b7                call   *(%edi,%esi,4)
 8048411:       83 ee 01                sub    $0x1,%esi
 8048414:       83 fe ff                cmp    $0xffffffff,%esi
 8048417:       75 f5                   jne    804840e <__libc_csu_fini+0x2d>
 8048419:       e8 3a 00 00 00          call   8048458 <_fini>
 804841e:       8b 5d f4                mov    0xfffffff4(%ebp),%ebx
 8048421:       8b 75 f8                mov    0xfffffff8(%ebp),%esi
 8048424:       8b 7d fc                mov    0xfffffffc(%ebp),%edi
 8048427:       89 ec                   mov    %ebp,%esp
 8048429:       5d                      pop    %ebp
 804842a:       c3                      ret
 804842b:       90                      nop

0804842c <__do_global_ctors_aux>:
 804842c:       55                      push   %ebp
 804842d:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 804842f:       53                      push   %ebx
 8048430:       83 ec 04                sub    $0x4,%esp
 8048433:       a1 94 94 04 08          mov    0x8049494,%eax
 8048438:       83 f8 ff                cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax
 804843b:       74 12                   je     804844f <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x23>
 804843d:       bb 94 94 04 08          mov    $0x8049494,%ebx
 8048442:       ff d0                   call   *%eax
 8048444:       8b 43 fc                mov    0xfffffffc(%ebx),%eax
 8048447:       83 eb 04                sub    $0x4,%ebx
 804844a:       83 f8 ff                cmp    $0xffffffff,%eax
 804844d:       75 f3                   jne    8048442 <__do_global_ctors_aux+0x16>
 804844f:       83 c4 04                add    $0x4,%esp
 8048452:       5b                      pop    %ebx
 8048453:       5d                      pop    %ebp
 8048454:       c3                      ret
 8048455:       90                      nop
 8048456:       90                      nop
 8048457:       90                      nop
Disassembly of section .fini:

08048458 <_fini>:
 8048458:       55                      push   %ebp
 8048459:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 804845b:       53                      push   %ebx
 804845c:       e8 a7 fe ff ff          call   8048308 <__i686.get_pc_thunk.bx>
 8048461:       81 c3 13 11 00 00       add    $0x1113,%ebx
 8048467:       83 ec 04                sub    $0x4,%esp
 804846a:       e8 9d fe ff ff          call   804830c <__do_global_dtors_aux>
 804846f:       83 c4 04                add    $0x4,%esp
 8048472:       5b                      pop    %ebx
 8048473:       5d                      pop    %ebp
 8048474:       c3                      ret

对于那些痴迷于编程底层细节的程序员而言，这是研究编译器和汇编器输出的强大工具。诸如此代码中所示的详细信息，揭示了很多有关本机处理器本身如何运行的信息。当与处理器制造商的技术文档一起进行研究时，由于运行程序的输出清晰，您可以从有价值的见解中了解这些事情如何更大程度地发挥作用。

同样，readelf程序可以以类似的明晰度列出目标文件的内容。您可以通过键入以下命令来查看此内容：

readelf -all a.out

此命令产生清单4中所示的输出。 ELF标头显示了文件中所有节条目的摘要。在枚举这些标题的内容之前，您可以查看有多少个。当浏览较大的目标文件时，此信息可能很有用。

清单4. readelf命令的输出

ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  Class:                             ELF32
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)
  Machine:                           Intel 80386
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x80482c0
  Start of program headers:          52 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          3504 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           32 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         7
  Size of section headers:           40 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         34
  Section header string table index: 31

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type            Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
  [ 0]                   NULL            00000000 000000 000000 00      0   0  0
  [ 1] .interp           PROGBITS        08048114 000114 000013 00   A  0   0  1
  [ 2] .note.ABI-tag     NOTE            08048128 000128 000020 00   A  0   0  4
  [ 3] .hash             HASH            08048148 000148 00002c 04   A  4   0  4
  [ 4] .dynsym           DYNSYM          08048174 000174 000060 10   A  5   1  4
  [ 5] .dynstr           STRTAB          080481d4 0001d4 00005e 00   A  0   0  1
  [ 6] .gnu.version      VERSYM          08048232 000232 00000c 02   A  4   0  2
  [ 7] .gnu.version_r    VERNEED         08048240 000240 000020 00   A  5   1  4
  [ 8] .rel.dyn          REL             08048260 000260 000008 08   A  4   0  4
  [ 9] .rel.plt          REL             08048268 000268 000010 08   A  4  11  4
  [10] .init             PROGBITS        08048278 000278 000017 00  AX  0   0  1
  [11] .plt              PROGBITS        08048290 000290 000030 04  AX  0   0  4
  [12] .text             PROGBITS        080482c0 0002c0 000198 00  AX  0   0  4
  [13] .fini             PROGBITS        08048458 000458 00001d 00  AX  0   0  1
  [14] .rodata           PROGBITS        08048478 000478 000015 00   A  0   0  4
  [15] .eh_frame         PROGBITS        08048490 000490 000004 00   A  0   0  4
  [16] .ctors            PROGBITS        08049494 000494 000008 00  WA  0   0  4
  [17] .dtors            PROGBITS        0804949c 00049c 000008 00  WA  0   0  4
  [18] .jcr              PROGBITS        080494a4 0004a4 000004 00  WA  0   0  4
  [19] .dynamic          DYNAMIC         080494a8 0004a8 0000c8 08  WA  5   0  4
  [20] .got              PROGBITS        08049570 000570 000004 04  WA  0   0  4
  [21] .got.plt          PROGBITS        08049574 000574 000014 04  WA  0   0  4
  [22] .data             PROGBITS        08049588 000588 00000c 00  WA  0   0  4
  [23] .bss              NOBITS          08049594 000594 000004 00  WA  0   0  4
  [24] .comment          PROGBITS        00000000 000594 000126 00      0   0  1
  [25] .debug_aranges    PROGBITS        00000000 0006c0 000088 00      0   0  8
  [26] .debug_pubnames   PROGBITS        00000000 000748 000025 00      0   0  1
  [27] .debug_info       PROGBITS        00000000 00076d 00022b 00      0   0  1
  [28] .debug_abbrev     PROGBITS        00000000 000998 000076 00      0   0  1
  [29] .debug_line       PROGBITS        00000000 000a0e 0001bb 00      0   0  1
  [30] .debug_str        PROGBITS        00000000 000bc9 0000bf 01  MS  0   0  1
  [31] .shstrtab         STRTAB          00000000 000c88 000127 00      0   0  1
  [32] .symtab           SYMTAB          00000000 001300 000520 10     33  63  4
  [33] .strtab           STRTAB          00000000 001820 0002d2 00      0   0  1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
  I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
  O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)

There are no section groups in this file.

Program Headers:
  Type           Offset   VirtAddr   PhysAddr   FileSiz MemSiz  Flg Align
  PHDR           0x000034 0x08048034 0x08048034 0x000e0 0x000e0 R E 0x4
  INTERP         0x000114 0x08048114 0x08048114 0x00013 0x00013 R   0x1
      [Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
  LOAD           0x000000 0x08048000 0x08048000 0x00494 0x00494 R E 0x1000
  LOAD           0x000494 0x08049494 0x08049494 0x00100 0x00104 RW  0x1000
  DYNAMIC        0x0004a8 0x080494a8 0x080494a8 0x000c8 0x000c8 RW  0x4
  NOTE           0x000128 0x08048128 0x08048128 0x00020 0x00020 R   0x4
  GNU_STACK      0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000 0x00000 RW  0x4

 Section to Segment mapping:
  Segment Sections...
   00
   01     .interp
   02     .interp .note.ABI-tag .hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version 
          .gnu.version_r .rel.dyn .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame
   03     .ctors .dtors .jcr .dynamic .got .got.plt .data .bss
   04     .dynamic
   05     .note.ABI-tag
   06

Dynamic section at offset 0x4a8 contains 20 entries:
  Tag        Type                         Name/Value
 0x00000001 (NEEDED)                     Shared library: [libc.so.6]
 0x0000000c (INIT)                       0x8048278
 0x0000000d (FINI)                       0x8048458
 0x00000004 (HASH)                       0x8048148
 0x00000005 (STRTAB)                     0x80481d4
 0x00000006 (SYMTAB)                     0x8048174
 0x0000000a (STRSZ)                      94 (bytes)
 0x0000000b (SYMENT)                     16 (bytes)
 0x00000015 (DEBUG)                      0x0
 0x00000003 (PLTGOT)                     0x8049574
 0x00000002 (PLTRELSZ)                   16 (bytes)
 0x00000014 (PLTREL)                     REL
 0x00000017 (JMPREL)                     0x8048268
 0x00000011 (REL)                        0x8048260
 0x00000012 (RELSZ)                      8 (bytes)
 0x00000013 (RELENT)                     8 (bytes)
 0x6ffffffe (VERNEED)                    0x8048240
 0x6fffffff (VERNEEDNUM)                 1
 0x6ffffff0 (VERSYM)                     0x8048232
 0x00000000 (NULL)                       0x0

Relocation section '.rel.dyn' at offset 0x260 contains 1 entries:
 Offset     Info    Type            Sym.Value  Sym. Name
08049570  00000506 R_386_GLOB_DAT    00000000   __gmon_start__

Relocation section '.rel.plt' at offset 0x268 contains 2 entries:
 Offset     Info    Type            Sym.Value  Sym. Name
08049580  00000107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT   00000000   puts
08049584  00000207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT   00000000   __libc_start_main

There are no unwind sections in this file.

Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 6 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND
     1: 00000000   378 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND puts@GLIBC_2.0 (2)
     2: 00000000   230 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.0 (2)
     3: 0804847c     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT   14 _IO_stdin_used
     4: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  WEAK   DEFAULT  UND _Jv_RegisterClasses
     5: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  WEAK   DEFAULT  UND __gmon_start__

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 82 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND
     1: 08048114     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1
     2: 08048128     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    2
     3: 08048148     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    3
     4: 08048174     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    4
     5: 080481d4     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    5
     6: 08048232     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    6
     7: 08048240     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    7
     8: 08048260     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    8
     9: 08048268     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    9
    10: 08048278     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   10
    11: 08048290     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   11
    12: 080482c0     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   12
    13: 08048458     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   13
    14: 08048478     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   14
    15: 08048490     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   15
    16: 08049494     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   16
    17: 0804949c     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   17
    18: 080494a4     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   18
    19: 080494a8     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   19
    20: 08049570     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   20
    21: 08049574     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   21
    22: 08049588     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   22
    23: 08049594     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   23
    24: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   24
    25: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   25
    26: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   26
    27: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   27
    28: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   28
    29: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   29
    30: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   30
    31: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   31
    32: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   32
    33: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT   33
    34: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS abi-note.S
    35: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS ../sysdeps/i386/elf/start
    36: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS init.c
    37: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS initfini.c
    38: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6
    39: 080482e4     0 FUNC    LOCAL  DEFAULT   12 call_gmon_start
    40: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS crtstuff.c
    41: 08049494     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   16 __CTOR_LIST__
    42: 0804949c     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   17 __DTOR_LIST__
    43: 080494a4     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   18 __JCR_LIST__
    44: 08049594     1 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   23 completed.4463
    45: 08049590     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   22 p.4462
    46: 0804830c     0 FUNC    LOCAL  DEFAULT   12 __do_global_dtors_aux
    47: 0804833b     0 FUNC    LOCAL  DEFAULT   12 frame_dummy
    48: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS crtstuff.c
    49: 08049498     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   16 __CTOR_END__
    50: 080494a0     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   17 __DTOR_END__
    51: 08048490     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   15 __FRAME_END__
    52: 080494a4     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT   18 __JCR_END__
    53: 0804842c     0 FUNC    LOCAL  DEFAULT   12 __do_global_ctors_aux
    54: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS initfini.c
    55: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6
    56: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS hw.c
    57: 080494a8     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  HIDDEN   19 _DYNAMIC
    58: 08049494     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  HIDDEN  ABS __fini_array_end
    59: 08049494     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  HIDDEN  ABS __fini_array_start
    60: 08049494     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  HIDDEN  ABS __init_array_end
    61: 08049574     0 OBJECT  LOCAL  HIDDEN   21 _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
    62: 08049494     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  HIDDEN  ABS __init_array_start
    63: 08048478     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT   14 _fp_hw
    64: 0804958c     0 OBJECT  GLOBAL HIDDEN   22 __dso_handle
    65: 080483e1    74 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   12 __libc_csu_fini
    66: 00000000   378 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND puts@@GLIBC_2.0
    67: 08048278     0 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   10 _init
    68: 080482c0     0 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   12 _start
    69: 08048390    81 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   12 __libc_csu_init
    70: 08049594     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  ABS __bss_start
    71: 08048360    47 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   12 main
    72: 00000000   230 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_
    73: 08049588     0 NOTYPE  WEAK   DEFAULT   22 data_start
    74: 08048458     0 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT   13 _fini
    75: 08049594     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  ABS _edata
    76: 08048308     0 FUNC    GLOBAL HIDDEN   12 __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
    77: 08049598     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  ABS _end
    78: 0804847c     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT   14 _IO_stdin_used
    79: 08049588     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT   22 __data_start
    80: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  WEAK   DEFAULT  UND _Jv_RegisterClasses
    81: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  WEAK   DEFAULT  UND __gmon_start__

Histogram for bucket list length (total of 3 buckets):
 Length  Number     % of total  Coverage
      0  0          (  0.0%)
      1  1          ( 33.3%)     20.0%
      2  2          ( 66.7%)    100.0%

Version symbols section '.gnu.version' contains 6 entries:
 Addr: 0000000008048232  Offset: 0x000232  Link: 4 (.dynsym)
  000:   0 (*local*)       2 (GLIBC_2.0)     2 (GLIBC_2.0)     1 (*global*)
  004:   0 (*local*)       0 (*local*)

Version needs section '.gnu.version_r' contains 1 entries:
 Addr: 0x0000000008048240  Offset: 0x000240  Link to section: 5 (.dynstr)
  000000: Version: 1  File: libc.so.6  Cnt: 1
  0x0010:   Name: GLIBC_2.0  Flags: none  Version: 2

Notes at offset 0x00000128 with length 0x00000020:
  Owner         Data size       Description
  GNU           0x00000010      NT_VERSION (version)

从此输出中可以看到，简单的a.out Hello World文件中包含大量有用的细节-版本信息，直方图，各种符号类型的多个表等。是的，仅通过此处介绍的几种工具，就可以通过探索目标文件来花费大量时间来学习可执行程序。

除了所有这些部分之外，编译器还可以将调试信息放置在目标文件中，并且也可以显示这些信息。键入以下命令，并花一些时间查看编译器告诉您的内容（如果您是调试程序，那就是）：

readelf --debug-dump a.out | less

此命令产生清单5中所示的输出。调试工具（例如GDB）读取了此调试信息，当在调试器下运行代码时反汇编代码时，您可以获得的工具显示的描述性标签（例如）多于原始地址值。

清单5.程序中的调试信息

The section .debug_aranges contains:

  Length:                   28
  Version:                  2
  Offset into .debug_info:  0
  Pointer Size:             4
  Segment Size:             0

    Address  Length
    080482c0 34
  Length:                   52
  Version:                  2
  Offset into .debug_info:  10b
  Pointer Size:             4
  Segment Size:             0

    Address  Length
    08048308 4
    08048458 18
    08048278 11
    080482e4 36
  Length:                   44
  Version:                  2
  Offset into .debug_info:  19b
  Pointer Size:             4
  Segment Size:             0

    Address  Length
    08048308 4
    0804846f 6
    0804828d 2

Contents of the .debug_pubnames section:

  Length:                              33
  Version:                             2
  Offset into .debug_info section:     122
  Size of area in .debug_info section: 145

    Offset      Name
    121                 _IO_stdin_used

The section .debug_info contains:

  Compilation Unit @ offset 0x0:
   Length:        118
   Version:       2
   Abbrev Offset: 0
   Pointer Size:  4
 <0><b>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
     DW_AT_stmt_list   : 0
     DW_AT_low_pc      : 0x80482c0
     DW_AT_high_pc     : 0x80482e2
     DW_AT_name        : ../sysdeps/i386/elf/start.S
     DW_AT_comp_dir    : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu
     DW_AT_producer    : GNU AS 2.16.91
     DW_AT_language    : 32769  (MIPS assembler)
  Compilation Unit @ offset 0x7a:
   Length:        141
   Version:       2
   Abbrev Offset: 20
   Pointer Size:  4
 <0><85>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
     DW_AT_stmt_list   : 0x5b
     DW_AT_high_pc     : 0x80482e4
     DW_AT_low_pc      : 0x80482e4
     DW_AT_producer    : (indirect string, offset: 0x62): GNU C 3.4.6
     DW_AT_language    : 1      (ANSI C)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x0): init.c
     DW_AT_comp_dir    : (indirect string, offset: 0x11): /build/buildd/...
 <1><9f>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x90): unsigned int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 4
     DW_AT_encoding    : 7      (unsigned)
 <1><a6>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x54): unsigned char
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 1
     DW_AT_encoding    : 8      (unsigned char)
 <1><ad>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x9d): short unsigned int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 2
     DW_AT_encoding    : 7      (unsigned)
 <1><b4>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x8b): long unsigned int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 4
     DW_AT_encoding    : 7      (unsigned)
 <1><bb>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x56): signed char
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 1
     DW_AT_encoding    : 6      (signed char)
 <1><c2>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x7): short int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 2
     DW_AT_encoding    : 5      (signed)
 <1><c9>: Abbrev Number: 3 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 4
     DW_AT_encoding    : 5      (signed)
 <1><d0>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x46): long long int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 8
     DW_AT_encoding    : 5      (signed)
 <1><d7>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x86): long long unsigned int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 8
     DW_AT_encoding    : 7      (unsigned)
 <1><de>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x4b): long int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 4
     DW_AT_encoding    : 5      (signed)
 <1><e5>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x90): unsigned int
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 4
     DW_AT_encoding    : 7      (unsigned)
 <1><ec>: Abbrev Number: 2 (DW_TAG_base_type)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0x5d): char
     DW_AT_byte_size   : 1
     DW_AT_encoding    : 6      (signed char)
 <1><f3>: Abbrev Number: 4 (DW_TAG_variable)
     DW_AT_name        : (indirect string, offset: 0xb0): _IO_stdin_used
     DW_AT_decl_file   : 1
     DW_AT_decl_line   : 25
     DW_AT_type        : <105>
     DW_AT_external    : 1
     DW_AT_location    : 5 byte block: 3 7c 84 4 8      (DW_OP_addr: 804847c)
 <1><105>: Abbrev Number: 5 (DW_TAG_const_type)
     DW_AT_type        : <c9>
  Compilation Unit @ offset 0x10b:
   Length:        140
   Version:       2
   Abbrev Offset: 86
   Pointer Size:  4
 <0><116>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
     DW_AT_stmt_list   : 0x82
     DW_AT_name        : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu/crti.S
     DW_AT_comp_dir    : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu
     DW_AT_producer    : GNU AS 2.16.91
     DW_AT_language    : 32769  (MIPS assembler)
  Compilation Unit @ offset 0x19b:
   Length:        140
   Version:       2
   Abbrev Offset: 102
   Pointer Size:  4
 <0><1a6>: Abbrev Number: 1 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
     DW_AT_stmt_list   : 0x12f
     DW_AT_name        : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu/crtn.S
     DW_AT_comp_dir    : /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/glibc-2.3.6/csu
     DW_AT_producer    : GNU AS 2.16.91
     DW_AT_language    : 32769  (MIPS assembler)

Contents of the .debug_abbrev section:

  Number TAG
   1      DW_TAG_compile_unit    [no children]
    DW_AT_stmt_list    DW_FORM_data4
    DW_AT_low_pc       DW_FORM_addr
    DW_AT_high_pc      DW_FORM_addr
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_comp_dir     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_producer     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_language     DW_FORM_data2
  Number TAG
   1      DW_TAG_compile_unit    [has children]
    DW_AT_stmt_list    DW_FORM_data4
    DW_AT_high_pc      DW_FORM_addr
    DW_AT_low_pc       DW_FORM_addr
    DW_AT_producer     DW_FORM_strp
    DW_AT_language     DW_FORM_data1
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_strp
    DW_AT_comp_dir     DW_FORM_strp
   2      DW_TAG_base_type    [no children]
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_strp
    DW_AT_byte_size    DW_FORM_data1
    DW_AT_encoding     DW_FORM_data1
   3      DW_TAG_base_type    [no children]
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_byte_size    DW_FORM_data1
    DW_AT_encoding     DW_FORM_data1
   4      DW_TAG_variable    [no children]
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_strp
    DW_AT_decl_file    DW_FORM_data1
    DW_AT_decl_line    DW_FORM_data1
    DW_AT_type         DW_FORM_ref4
    DW_AT_external     DW_FORM_flag
    DW_AT_location     DW_FORM_block1
   5      DW_TAG_const_type    [no children]
    DW_AT_type         DW_FORM_ref4
  Number TAG
   1      DW_TAG_compile_unit    [no children]
    DW_AT_stmt_list    DW_FORM_data4
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_comp_dir     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_producer     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_language     DW_FORM_data2
  Number TAG
   1      DW_TAG_compile_unit    [no children]
    DW_AT_stmt_list    DW_FORM_data4
    DW_AT_name         DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_comp_dir     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_producer     DW_FORM_string
    DW_AT_language     DW_FORM_data2


Dump of debug contents of section .debug_line:

  Length:                      87
  DWARF Version:               2
  Prologue Length:             50
  Minimum Instruction Length:  1
  Initial value of 'is_stmt':  1
  Line Base:                   -5
  Line Range:                  14
  Opcode Base:                 13
  (Pointer size:               4)

 Opcodes:
  Opcode 1 has 0 args
  Opcode 2 has 1 args
  Opcode 3 has 1 args
  Opcode 4 has 1 args
  Opcode 5 has 1 args
  Opcode 6 has 0 args
  Opcode 7 has 0 args
  Opcode 8 has 0 args
  Opcode 9 has 1 args
  Opcode 10 has 0 args
  Opcode 11 has 0 args
  Opcode 12 has 1 args

 The Directory Table:
  ../sysdeps/i386/elf

 The File Name Table:
  Entry Dir     Time    Size    Name
  1     1       0       0       start.S

 Line Number Statements:
  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x80482c0
  Advance Line by 64 to 65
  Copy
  Special opcode 38: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482c2 and Line by 5 to 70
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482c3 and Line by 1 to 71
  Special opcode 39: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482c5 and Line by 6 to 77
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x80482c8 and Line by 1 to 78
  Special opcode 24: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482c9 and Line by 5 to 83
  Special opcode 21: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482ca and Line by 2 to 85
  Advance Line by 24 to 109
  Special opcode 19: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482cb and Line by 0 to 109
  Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482d0 and Line by 1 to 110
  Special opcode 77: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482d5 and Line by 2 to 112
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482d6 and Line by 1 to 113
  Special opcode 21: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482d7 and Line by 2 to 115
  Special opcode 79: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482dc and Line by 4 to 119
  Special opcode 78: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482e1 and Line by 3 to 122
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x80482e2
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence


  Length:                      35
  DWARF Version:               2
  Prologue Length:             29
  Minimum Instruction Length:  1
  Initial value of 'is_stmt':  1
  Line Base:                   -5
  Line Range:                  14
  Opcode Base:                 13
  (Pointer size:               4)

 Opcodes:
  Opcode 1 has 0 args
  Opcode 2 has 1 args
  Opcode 3 has 1 args
  Opcode 4 has 1 args
  Opcode 5 has 1 args
  Opcode 6 has 0 args
  Opcode 7 has 0 args
  Opcode 8 has 0 args
  Opcode 9 has 1 args
  Opcode 10 has 0 args
  Opcode 11 has 0 args
  Opcode 12 has 1 args

 The Directory Table is empty.

 The File Name Table:
  Entry Dir     Time    Size    Name
  1     0       0       0       init.c

 Line Number Statements:

  Length:                      169
  DWARF Version:               2
  Prologue Length:             80
  Minimum Instruction Length:  1
  Initial value of 'is_stmt':  1
  Line Base:                   -5
  Line Range:                  14
  Opcode Base:                 13
  (Pointer size:               4)

 Opcodes:
  Opcode 1 has 0 args
  Opcode 2 has 1 args
  Opcode 3 has 1 args
  Opcode 4 has 1 args
  Opcode 5 has 1 args
  Opcode 6 has 0 args
  Opcode 7 has 0 args
  Opcode 8 has 0 args
  Opcode 9 has 1 args
  Opcode 10 has 0 args
  Opcode 11 has 0 args
  Opcode 12 has 1 args

 The Directory Table:
  /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu

 The File Name Table:
  Entry Dir     Time    Size    Name
  1     1       0       0       crti.S

 Line Number Statements:
  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048308
  Advance Line by 64 to 65
  Copy
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804830b and Line by 1 to 66
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x804830c
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence

  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048458
  Advance Line by 46 to 47
  Copy
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048459 and Line by 1 to 48
  Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x804845b and Line by 1 to 49
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x804845c and Line by 1 to 50
  Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x8048461 and Line by 1 to 51
  Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x8048467 and Line by 1 to 52
  Advance PC by 3 to 0x804846a
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence

  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048278
  Advance Line by 31 to 32
  Copy
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048279 and Line by 1 to 33
  Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x804827b and Line by 1 to 34
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804827e and Line by 1 to 35
  Advance PC by 5 to 0x8048283
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence

  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x80482e4
  Advance Line by 10 to 11
  Copy
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482e5 and Line by 1 to 12
  Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482e7 and Line by 1 to 13
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x80482e8 and Line by 1 to 14
  Special opcode 76: advance Address by 5 to 0x80482ed and Line by 1 to 15
  Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x80482f3 and Line by 1 to 16
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x80482f6 and Line by 1 to 17
  Special opcode 90: advance Address by 6 to 0x80482fc and Line by 1 to 18
  Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x80482fe and Line by 1 to 19
  Special opcode 34: advance Address by 2 to 0x8048300 and Line by 1 to 20
  Special opcode 35: advance Address by 2 to 0x8048302 and Line by 2 to 22
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x8048305 and Line by 1 to 23
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048306 and Line by 1 to 24
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048307 and Line by 1 to 25
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x8048308
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence


  Length:                      136
  DWARF Version:               2
  Prologue Length:             80
  Minimum Instruction Length:  1
  Initial value of 'is_stmt':  1
  Line Base:                   -5
  Line Range:                  14
  Opcode Base:                 13
  (Pointer size:               4)

 Opcodes:
  Opcode 1 has 0 args
  Opcode 2 has 1 args
  Opcode 3 has 1 args
  Opcode 4 has 1 args
  Opcode 5 has 1 args
  Opcode 6 has 0 args
  Opcode 7 has 0 args
  Opcode 8 has 0 args
  Opcode 9 has 1 args
  Opcode 10 has 0 args
  Opcode 11 has 0 args
  Opcode 12 has 1 args

 The Directory Table:
  /build/buildd/glibc-2.3.6/build-tree/i386-libc/csu

 The File Name Table:
  Entry Dir     Time    Size    Name
  1     1       0       0       crtn.S

 Line Number Statements:
  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x8048308
  Advance Line by 33 to 34
  Copy
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x804830b and Line by 1 to 35
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x804830c
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence

  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x804846f
  Advance Line by 18 to 19
  Copy
  Special opcode 48: advance Address by 3 to 0x8048472 and Line by 1 to 20
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048473 and Line by 1 to 21
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x8048474 and Line by 1 to 22
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x8048475
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence

  Extended opcode 2: set Address to 0x804828d
  Advance Line by 9 to 10
  Copy
  Special opcode 20: advance Address by 1 to 0x804828e and Line by 1 to 11
  Advance PC by 1 to 0x804828f
  Extended opcode 1: End of Sequence


Contents of the .debug_str section:

  0x00000000 696e6974 2e630073 686f7274 20696e74 init.c.short int
  0x00000010 002f6275 696c642f 6275696c 64642f67 ./build/buildd/g
  0x00000020 6c696263 2d322e33 2e362f62 75696c64 libc-2.3.6/build
  0x00000030 2d747265 652f676c 6962632d 322e332e -tree/glibc-2.3.
  0x00000040 362f6373 75006c6f 6e67206c 6f6e6720 6/csu.long long
  0x00000050 696e7400 756e7369 676e6564 20636861 int.unsigned cha
  0x00000060 7200474e 55204320 332e342e 36202855 r.GNU C 3.4.6 (U
  0x00000070 62756e74 7520332e 342e362d 31756275 buntu 3.4.6-1ubu
  0x00000080 6e747532 29006c6f 6e67206c 6f6e6720 ntu2).long long
  0x00000090 756e7369 676e6564 20696e74 0073686f unsigned int.sho
  0x000000a0 72742075 6e736967 6e656420 696e7400 rt unsigned int.
  0x000000b0 5f494f5f 73746469 6e5f7573 656400   _IO_stdin_used.

可执行文件是目标文件

在UNIX世界中，可执行文件是目标文件，您可以像处理a.out文件一样对其进行检查。更改到/ bin或/ local / bin目录，并对某些最常用的命令（例如pwd ， ps ， cat或rm运行nm ， objdump和readelf ，这是一个有用的练习。通常，当您编写需要某种标准工具具有某些功能的程序时，仅通过在其上运行objdump -d <command>来查看这些工具的实际工作方式会很有用。

如果您倾向于使用编译器和其他语言工具，则会发现花在研究组成计算机系统的各种目标文件上的时间是很花时间的。 UNIX操作系统具有许多层，检查其目标文件的工具所暴露的层与硬件接近。通过这种方式，您可以对系统有真实的感觉。

结论

探索目标文件可以极大地加深您对UNIX操作系统的了解，并提供对从源代码实际组装软件的更深入的了解。我鼓励您通过在系统上/ bin或/ local / bin目录中找到的程序上运行本文来研究目标文件工具的输出，并查找硬件制造商提供的系统文档。

翻译自: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-unixtools.html