C++ regex 正则表达式的使用

在c++中，有三种正则可以选择使用，C ++regex，C regex，boost regex ，如果在windows下开发c++，默认不支持后面两种正则，如果想快速应用，显然C++ regex 比较方便使用。文章将讨论C++ regex 正则表达式的使用。

C++ regex函数有3个：regex_match、 regex_search 、regex_replace

regex_match

regex_match是正则表达式匹配的函数，下面以例子说明。如果想系统的了解，参考regex_match

// regex_match example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main ()
{

  if (std::regex_match ("subject", std::regex("(sub)(.*)") ))
    std::cout << "string literal matched\n";

  std::string s ("subject");
  std::regex e ("(sub)(.*)");
  if (std::regex_match (s,e))
    std::cout << "string object matched\n";

  if ( std::regex_match ( s.begin(), s.end(), e ) )
    std::cout << "range matched\n";

  std::cmatch cm;    // same as std::match_results<const char*> cm;
  std::regex_match ("subject",cm,e);
  std::cout << "string literal with " << cm.size() << " matches\n";

  std::smatch sm;    // same as std::match_results<string::const_iterator> sm;
  std::regex_match (s,sm,e);
  std::cout << "string object with " << sm.size() << " matches\n";

  std::regex_match ( s.cbegin(), s.cend(), sm, e);
  std::cout << "range with " << sm.size() << " matches\n";

  // using explicit flags:
  std::regex_match ( "subject", cm, e, std::regex_constants::match_default );

  std::cout << "the matches were: ";
  for (unsigned i=0; i<sm.size(); ++i) {
    std::cout << "[" << sm[i] << "] ";
  }

  std::cout << std::endl;

  return 0;
}

输出如下：

string literal matched
string object matched
range matched
string literal with 3 matches
string object with 3 matches
range with 3 matches
the matches were: [subject] [sub] [ject]

regex_search

regex_match是另外一个正则表达式匹配的函数，下面是regex_search的例子。regex_search和regex_match的主要区别是：regex_match是全词匹配，而regex_search是搜索其中匹配的字符串。如果想系统了解，请参考regex_search

// regex_search example
#include <iostream>
#include <regex>
#include <string>

int main(){
  std::string s ("this subject has a submarine as a subsequence");
  std::smatch m;
  std::regex e ("\\b(sub)([^ ]*)");   // matches words beginning by "sub"

  std::cout << "Target sequence: " << s << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Regular expression: /\\b(sub)([^ ]*)/" << std::endl;
  std::cout << "The following matches and submatches were found:" << std::endl;

  while (std::regex_search (s,m,e)) {
    for (auto x=m.begin();x!=m.end();x++) 
      std::cout << x->str() << " ";
    std::cout << "--> ([^ ]*) match " << m.format("$2") <<std::endl;
    s = m.suffix().str();
  }
}

输出如下：

Target sequence: this subject has a submarine as a subsequence
Regular expression: /\b(sub)([^ ]*)/
The following matches and submatches were found:
subject sub ject --> ([^ ]*) match ject
submarine sub marine --> ([^ ]*) match marine
subsequence sub sequence --> ([^ ]*) match sequence

/********  无情的分割线 ********* /    
  作者：没有开花的树    
  博客：blog.csdn.net/mycwq    
/ *******   无情的copy  *********/

regex_replace

regex_replace是替换正则表达式匹配内容的函数，下面是regex_replace的例子。如果想系统了解，请参考regex_replace

#include <regex> 
#include <iostream> 
 
int main() { 
    char buf[20]; 
    const char *first = "axayaz"; 
    const char *last = first + strlen(first); 
    std::regex rx("a"); 
    std::string fmt("A"); 
    std::regex_constants::match_flag_type fonly = 
        std::regex_constants::format_first_only; 
 
    *std::regex_replace(&buf[0], first, last, rx, fmt) = '\0'; 
    std::cout << &buf[0] << std::endl; 
 
    *std::regex_replace(&buf[0], first, last, rx, fmt, fonly) = '\0'; 
    std::cout << &buf[0] << std::endl; 
 
    std::string str("adaeaf"); 
    std::cout << std::regex_replace(str, rx, fmt) << std::endl; 
 
    std::cout << std::regex_replace(str, rx, fmt, fonly) << std::endl; 
 
    return 0; 
} 

输出如下：

AxAyAz
Axayaz
AdAeAf
Adaeaf

C++ regex正则表达式的规则和其他编程语言差不多，如下：

特殊字符（用于匹配很难形容的字符）:

characters	description	matches
.	not newline	any character except line terminators (LF, CR, LS, PS).
\t	tab (HT)	a horizontal tab character (same as \u0009).
\n	newline (LF)	a newline (line feed) character (same as \u000A).
\v	vertical tab (VT)	a vertical tab character (same as \u000B).
\f	form feed (FF)	a form feed character (same as \u000C).
\r	carriage return (CR)	a carriage return character (same as \u000D).
\cletter	control code	a control code character whose code unit value is the same as the remainder of dividing the code unit value of letter by 32. For example: \ca is the same as \u0001, \cb the same as \u0002, and so on...
\xhh	ASCII character	a character whose code unit value has an hex value equivalent to the two hex digits hh. For example: \x4c is the same as L, or \x23 the same as #.
\uhhhh	unicode character	a character whose code unit value has an hex value equivalent to the four hex digitshhhh.
\0	null	a null character (same as \u0000).
\int	backreference	the result of the submatch whose opening parenthesis is the int-th (int shall begin by a digit other than 0). See groups below for more info.
\d	digit	a decimal digit character
\D	not digit	any character that is not a decimal digit character
\s	whitespace	a whitespace character
\S	not whitespace	any character that is not a whitespace character
\w	word	an alphanumeric or underscore character
\W	not word	any character that is not an alphanumeric or underscore character
\character	character	the character character as it is, without interpreting its special meaning within a regex expression. Any character can be escaped except those which form any of the special character sequences above. Needed for: ^ $ \ . * + ? ( ) [ ] { } |
[class]	character class	the target character is part of the class
[^class]	negated character class	the target character is not part of the class

注意了，在C++反斜杠字符（\）会被转义

std::regex e1 ("\\d");  //  \d -> 匹配数字字符
std::regex e2 ("\\\\"); //  \\ -> 匹配反斜杠字符

数量：

characters	times	effects
*	0 or more	The preceding atom is matched 0 or more times.
+	1 or more	The preceding atom is matched 1 or more times.
?	0 or 1	The preceding atom is optional (matched either 0 times or once).
{int}	int	The preceding atom is matched exactly int times.
{int,}	int or more	The preceding atom is matched int or more times.
{min,max}	between min and max	The preceding atom is matched at least min times, but not more than max.

注意了，模式 "(a+).*" 匹配 "aardvark" 将匹配到 aa，模式 "(a+?).*" 匹配 "aardvark" 将匹配到 a

组（用以匹配连续的多个字符）:

characters	description	effects
(subpattern)	Group	Creates a backreference.
(?:subpattern)	Passive group	Does not create a backreference.

注意了，第一种将创建一个反向引用，用于提取匹配到的内容，第二种则没有，相对来说性能方面也没这部分的开销

characters	description	condition for match
^	Beginning of line	Either it is the beginning of the target sequence, or follows a line terminator.
$	End of line	Either it is the end of the target sequence, or precedes a line terminator.
|	Separator	Separates two alternative patterns or subpatterns..

单个字符

[abc] 匹配 a, b 或 c.
[^xyz] 匹配任何非 x, y, z的字符

范围
[a-z] 匹配任何小写字母 (a, b, c, ..., z).
[abc1-5] 匹配 a, b , c, 或 1 到 5 的数字.

c++ regex还有一种类POSIX的写法

class	description	equivalent (with regex_traits, default locale)
[:alnum:]	alpha-numerical character	isalnum
[:alpha:]	alphabetic character	isalpha
[:blank:]	blank character	isblank
[:cntrl:]	control character	iscntrl
[:digit:]	decimal digit character	isdigit
[:graph:]	character with graphical representation	isgraph
[:lower:]	lowercase letter	islower
[:print:]	printable character	isprint
[:punct:]	punctuation mark character	ispunct
[:space:]	whitespace character	isspace
[:upper:]	uppercase letter	isupper
[:xdigit:]	hexadecimal digit character	isxdigit
[:d:]	decimal digit character	isdigit
[:w:]	word character	isalnum
[:s:]	whitespace character	isspace

参考：

http://blog.csdn.net/mycwq/article/details/18838151

http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/regex/