算法4第6章后缀数组讲解

 最长重复子字符串/后缀数组
 给定字符串怎样找到它的最长重复子字符串，如字符串atobeornottobe，最长重复子字符串是tobe
 使用一般的方法速度很慢，时间复杂度是O(N^2),而使用后缀数组可以巧妙而高效的解决此问题。
 首先找出字符的所有后缀字符串组成后缀字符串数组，对数组进行排序，然后遍历数组，最长重复子字符串就在相邻的两个后缀字符串中
 如字符串tobeornottobe，后缀字符串是atobeornottobe,tobeornottobe,obeornottobe,beornottobe,eornottobe,ornottobe,rnottobe，nottobe，ottobe，ttobe,tobe,obe,be,e
 排序后就是
 atobeornottobe
 be
 beornottobe
 e
 eornottobe
 nottobe
 obeornottobe
 ornottobe
 ottobe
 rnottobe
 ttobe
 tobe
 tobeornottobe
 该算法在一般情况下时间复杂度是O(NlogN),代码如下
 
public class LongestRepeatedSubstring {

    // Do not instantiate.
    private LongestRepeatedSubstring() { }

    /**
     * Returns the longest common string of the two specified strings.
     *
     * @param  s one string
     * @param  t the other string
     * @return the longest common string that appears as a substring
     */

    /**
     * Returns the longest repeated substring of the specified string.
     *
     * @param  text the string
     * @return the longest repeated substring that appears in {@code text};
     *         the empty string if no such string
     */
    public static String lrs(String text) {
        int n = text.length();
        SuffixArray sa = new SuffixArray(text);
        String lrs = "";
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
            int length = sa.lcp(i);
            if (length > lrs.length()) {
                // lrs = sa.select(i).substring(0, length);
                lrs = text.substring(sa.index(i), sa.index(i) + length);
            }
        }
        return lrs;
    }

    /**
     * Unit tests the {@code lrs()} method.
     *
     * @param args the command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String text = StdIn.readAll().replaceAll("\\s+", " ");
        StdOut.println("'" + lrs(text) + "'");
    }
}

public class SuffixArray {
    private Suffix[] suffixes;

    /**
     * Initializes a suffix array for the given {@code text} string.
     * @param text the input string
     */
    public SuffixArray(String text) {
        int n = text.length();
        this.suffixes = new Suffix[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            suffixes[i] = new Suffix(text, i);
        Arrays.sort(suffixes);
    }

    private static class Suffix implements Comparable<Suffix> {
        private final String text;
        private final int index;

        private Suffix(String text, int index) {
            this.text = text;
            this.index = index;
        }
        private int length() {
            return text.length() - index;
        }
        private char charAt(int i) {
            return text.charAt(index + i);
        }

        public int compareTo(Suffix that) {
            if (this == that) return 0;  // optimization
            int n = Math.min(this.length(), that.length());
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                if (this.charAt(i) < that.charAt(i)) return -1;
                if (this.charAt(i) > that.charAt(i)) return +1;
            }
            return this.length() - that.length();
        }

        public String toString() {
            return text.substring(index);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the input string.
     * @return the length of the input string
     */
    public int length() {
        return suffixes.length;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index into the original string of the <em>i</em>th smallest suffix.
     * That is, {@code text.substring(sa.index(i))} is the <em>i</em>th smallest suffix.
     * @param i an integer between 0 and <em>n</em>-1
     * @return the index into the original string of the <em>i</em>th smallest suffix
     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= i < n}
     */
    public int index(int i) {
        if (i < 0 || i >= suffixes.length) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        return suffixes[i].index;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the longest common prefix of the <em>i</em>th
     * smallest suffix and the <em>i</em>-1st smallest suffix.
     * @param i an integer between 1 and <em>n</em>-1
     * @return the length of the longest common prefix of the <em>i</em>th
     * smallest suffix and the <em>i</em>-1st smallest suffix.
     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 1 <= i < n}
     */
    public int lcp(int i) {
        if (i < 1 || i >= suffixes.length) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        return lcpSuffix(suffixes[i], suffixes[i-1]);
    }

    // longest common prefix of s and t
    private static int lcpSuffix(Suffix s, Suffix t) {
        int n = Math.min(s.length(), t.length());
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (s.charAt(i) != t.charAt(i)) return i;
        }
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <em>i</em>th smallest suffix as a string.
     * @param i the index
     * @return the <em>i</em> smallest suffix as a string
     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= i < n}
     */
    public String select(int i) {
        if (i < 0 || i >= suffixes.length) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        return suffixes[i].toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of suffixes strictly less than the {@code query} string.
     * We note that {@code rank(select(i))} equals {@code i} for each {@code i}
     * between 0 and <em>n</em>-1.
     * @param query the query string
     * @return the number of suffixes strictly less than {@code query}
     */
    public int rank(String query) {
        int lo = 0, hi = suffixes.length - 1;
        while (lo <= hi) {
            int mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
            int cmp = compare(query, suffixes[mid]);
            if (cmp < 0) hi = mid - 1;
            else if (cmp > 0) lo = mid + 1;
            else return mid;
        }
        return lo;
    }

    // compare query string to suffix
    private static int compare(String query, Suffix suffix) {
        int n = Math.min(query.length(), suffix.length());
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (query.charAt(i) < suffix.charAt(i)) return -1;
            if (query.charAt(i) > suffix.charAt(i)) return +1;
        }
        return query.length() - suffix.length();
    }

    /**
     * Unit tests the {@code SuffixArray} data type.
     *
     * @param args the command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = StdIn.readAll().replaceAll("\\s+", " ").trim();
        SuffixArray suffix = new SuffixArray(s);

        // StdOut.println("rank(" + args[0] + ") = " + suffix.rank(args[0]));

        StdOut.println("  i ind lcp rnk select");
        StdOut.println("---------------------------");

        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
            int index = suffix.index(i);
            String ith = "\"" + s.substring(index, Math.min(index + 50, s.length())) + "\"";
            assert s.substring(index).equals(suffix.select(i));
            int rank = suffix.rank(s.substring(index));
            if (i == 0) {
                StdOut.printf("%3d %3d %3s %3d %s\n", i, index, "-", rank, ith);
            }
            else {
                int lcp = suffix.lcp(i);
                StdOut.printf("%3d %3d %3d %3d %s\n", i, index, lcp, rank, ith);
            }
        }
    }

}