什么是序列化(Serializable):
一个对象序列化的接口，一个类只有实现了Serializable接口，它的对象才是可序列化的。因此如果要序列化某些类的对象，这些类就必须实现Serializable接口。而实际上，Serializable是一个空接口，没有什么具体内容，它的目的只是简单的标识一个类的对象可以被序列化。
下面是Serializable接口的定义:
/*
* Copyright (c) 1996, 2005, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
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package java.io;
/**
* Serializability of a class is enabled by the class implementing the
* java.io.Serializable interface. Classes that do not implement this
* interface will not have any of their state serialized or
* deserialized. All subtypes of a serializable class are themselves
* serializable. The serialization interface has no methods or fields
* and serves only to identify the semantics of being serializable. <p>
*
* To allow subtypes of non-serializable classes to be serialized, the
* subtype may assume responsibility for saving and restoring the
* state of the supertype's public, protected, and (if accessible)
* package fields. The subtype may assume this responsibility only if
* the class it extends has an accessible no-arg constructor to
* initialize the class's state. It is an error to declare a class
* Serializable if this is not the case. The error will be detected at
* runtime. <p>
*
* During deserialization, the fields of non-serializable classes will
* be initialized using the public or protected no-arg constructor of
* the class. A no-arg constructor must be accessible to the subclass
* that is serializable. The fields of serializable subclasses will
* be restored from the stream. <p>
*
* When traversing a graph, an object may be encountered that does not
* support the Serializable interface. In this case the
* NotSerializableException will be thrown and will identify the class
* of the non-serializable object. <p>
*
* Classes that require special handling during the serialization and
* deserialization process must implement special methods with these exact
* signatures: <p>
*
* <PRE>
* private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out)
* throws IOException
* private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in)
* throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException;
* private void readObjectNoData()
* throws ObjectStreamException;
* </PRE>
*
* <p>The writeObject method is responsible for writing the state of the
* object for its particular class so that the corresponding
* readObject method can restore it. The default mechanism for saving
* the Object's fields can be invoked by calling
* out.defaultWriteObject. The method does not need to concern
* itself with the state belonging to its superclasses or subclasses.
* State is saved by writing the individual fields to the
* ObjectOutputStream using the writeObject method or by using the
* methods for primitive data types supported by DataOutput.
*
* <p>The readObject method is responsible for reading from the stream and
* restoring the classes fields. It may call in.defaultReadObject to invoke
* the default mechanism for restoring the object's non-static and
* non-transient fields. The defaultReadObject method uses information in
* the stream to assign the fields of the object saved in the stream with the
* correspondingly named fields in the current object. This handles the case
* when the class has evolved to add new fields. The method does not need to
* concern itself with the state belonging to its superclasses or subclasses.
* State is saved by writing the individual fields to the
* ObjectOutputStream using the writeObject method or by using the
* methods for primitive data types supported by DataOutput.
*
* <p>The readObjectNoData method is responsible for initializing the state of
* the object for its particular class in the event that the serialization
* stream does not list the given class as a superclass of the object being
* deserialized. This may occur in cases where the receiving party uses a
* different version of the deserialized instance's class than the sending
* party, and the receiver's version extends classes that are not extended by
* the sender's version. This may also occur if the serialization stream has
* been tampered; hence, readObjectNoData is useful for initializing
* deserialized objects properly despite a "hostile" or incomplete source
* stream.
*
* <p>Serializable classes that need to designate an alternative object to be
* used when writing an object to the stream should implement this
* special method with the exact signature: <p>
*
* <PRE>
* ANY-ACCESS-MODIFIER Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException;
* </PRE><p>
*
* This writeReplace method is invoked by serialization if the method
* exists and it would be accessible from a method defined within the
* class of the object being serialized. Thus, the method can have private,
* protected and package-private access. Subclass access to this method
* follows java accessibility rules. <p>
*
* Classes that need to designate a replacement when an instance of it
* is read from the stream should implement this special method with the
* exact signature.<p>
*
* <PRE>
* ANY-ACCESS-MODIFIER Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException;
* </PRE><p>
*
* This readResolve method follows the same invocation rules and
* accessibility rules as writeReplace.<p>
*
* The serialization runtime associates with each serializable class a version
* number, called a serialVersionUID, which is used during deserialization to
* verify that the sender and receiver of a serialized object have loaded
* classes for that object that are compatible with respect to serialization.
* If the receiver has loaded a class for the object that has a different
* serialVersionUID than that of the corresponding sender's class, then
* deserialization will result in an {@link InvalidClassException}. A
* serializable class can declare its own serialVersionUID explicitly by
* declaring a field named <code>"serialVersionUID"</code> that must be static,
* final, and of type <code>long</code>:<p>
*
* <PRE>
* ANY-ACCESS-MODIFIER static final long serialVersionUID = 42L;
* </PRE>
*
* If a serializable class does not explicitly declare a serialVersionUID, then
* the serialization runtime will calculate a default serialVersionUID value
* for that class based on various aspects of the class, as described in the
* Java(TM) Object Serialization Specification. However, it is <em>strongly
* recommended</em> that all serializable classes explicitly declare
* serialVersionUID values, since the default serialVersionUID computation is
* highly sensitive to class details that may vary depending on compiler
* implementations, and can thus result in unexpected
* <code>InvalidClassException</code>s during deserialization. Therefore, to
* guarantee a consistent serialVersionUID value across different java compiler
* implementations, a serializable class must declare an explicit
* serialVersionUID value. It is also strongly advised that explicit
* serialVersionUID declarations use the <code>private</code> modifier where
* possible, since such declarations apply only to the immediately declaring
* class--serialVersionUID fields are not useful as inherited members. Array
* classes cannot declare an explicit serialVersionUID, so they always have
* the default computed value, but the requirement for matching
* serialVersionUID values is waived for array classes.
*
* @author unascribed
* @see java.io.ObjectOutputStream
* @see java.io.ObjectInputStream
* @see java.io.ObjectOutput
* @see java.io.ObjectInput
* @see java.io.Externalizable
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public interface Serializable {
}
(雷人吧！)
我们可以看到，该接口是空的。任何实现该接口的类（或接口继承自该接口）表明该类（或接口）是可序列化的。
为什么要序列化:
a）当你想把的内存中的对象写入到硬盘的时候；
b）当你想用套接字在网络上传送对象的时候；
c）当你想通过RMI传输对象的时候；
再稍微解释一下
a)比如说你的内存不够用了，那计算机就要将内存里面的一部分对象暂时的保存到硬盘中，等到要用的时候再读入到内存中，硬盘的那部分存储空间就是所谓的虚拟内存。在比如过你要将某个特定的对象保存到文件中，我隔几天在把它拿出来用，那么这时候就要实现Serializable接口；
b)在进行java的Socket编程的时候，你有时候可能要传输某一类的对象，那么也就要实现Serializable接口；最常见的你传输一个字符串，它是JDK里面的类，也实现了Serializable接口，所以可以在网络上传输。
c)如果要通过远程的方法调用（RMI）去调用一个远程对象的方法，如在计算机A中调用另一台计算机B的对象的方法，那么你需要通过JNDI服务获取计算机B目标对象的引用，将对象从B传送到A，就需要实现序列化接口。
下面给出一个具体的例子（用到ObjectInputStream,ObjectOutputStream):
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInput;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
class User implements Serializable {
/**
*
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private String name;
private String password;
private transient String info;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public String getInfo() {
return info;
}
public void setInfo(String info) {
this.info = info;
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
User user = new User();
user.setName("Benson");
user.setPassword("123456");
user.setInfo("student");
File file = new File("user.dat");//该文件在项目根目录中可以查看
OutputStream file_out = new FileOutputStream(file);
ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(file_out);
os.writeObject(user); //将对象写到user.dat文件中
os.close();
InputStream file_int = new FileInputStream(file);
ObjectInputStream is = new ObjectInputStream(file_int);
User my_user = (User)is.readObject(); //得到对象
is.close();
/*
* 输出信息
*/
System.out.println(my_user.getName());
System.out.println(my_user.getPassword());
System.out.println(my_user.getInfo()); //info为null,因为该字段被声明为瞬时的(transient)
}
}
运行结果为:
Benson
123456
null
该例子中编写了一个User pojo类,含有字段name,password和info。其中info被声明为transient。
该User类实现了Serializable接口，并且提供了一个序列版本号(可不写)
之后创建了一个File对象，确定文件名。
然后用ObjectOutputStream层层包装，将User类的一个实例写进该文件中。
最后用ObjectInputStream取出该对象，并打印。
如果User类并没有被序列化，运行该程序会报错:
Exception in thread "main" java.io.NotSerializableException: User
at java.io.ObjectOutputStream.writeObject0(Unknown Source)
at java.io.ObjectOutputStream.writeObject(Unknown Source)
at Test.main(Test.java:57)
错误原因是因为User类没有被序列化。
另外如果不希望存储对象的字段被保存，可以声明该字段为transient（瞬时的）
皆さん、もっと 頑張って！！
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