多线程的条件变量使用

上面的例子来自《Linux环境高级程序设计》- 黄茹，会出现死锁等待的情况，如下两个例子中，一个是对上面的问题的优化，另一个用于熟悉条件变量的使用。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_cond_t empty;
pthread_cond_t notempty;

char buf[32] = {0};

void *producer(void *arg)
{
    while (1) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
        if (strlen(buf)) {
            printf("producer waits lock!\n");
            pthread_cond_wait(&empty, &mutex);
        }
        char tmp[] = "Hello";
        printf("set data: %s\n", tmp);
        strncpy(buf, tmp, sizeof(buf));
        pthread_cond_signal(&notempty);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
    }

    return 0;
}

void *consume(void *arg)
{
    while (1) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
        if (0 == strlen(buf)) {
            printf("consume waits lock!\n");
            pthread_cond_wait(&notempty, &mutex);
        }
        printf("recv data: %s\n", buf);
        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
        sleep(1);
        pthread_cond_signal(&empty);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
    }
    return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char *const argv[])
{
    pthread_t id1, id2;

    pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);

    pthread_cond_init(&empty, NULL);
    pthread_cond_init(&notempty, NULL);

    pthread_create(&id1, NULL, producer, NULL);
    pthread_create(&id2, NULL, consume, NULL);

    sleep(1);

    pthread_cond_signal(&empty);

    int *ret1;
    int *ret2;
    pthread_join(id1, (void **)&ret1);
    pthread_join(id2, (void **)&ret2);

    pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
    pthread_cond_destroy(&empty);
    pthread_cond_destroy(&notempty);

    return 0;
}

编译：gcc test1.c -lpthread
结果：

$ ./a.out
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
consume waits lock!
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
consume waits lock!
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
consume waits lock!
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
consume waits lock!
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
consume waits lock!
set data: Hello
producer waits lock!
recv data: Hello
...

来自：https://www.cnblogs.com/cyyljw/p/7015774.html

#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define BUFFER_SIZE (16)// 缓冲区数量
#define OVER        (-1)

struct prodcons
{
    // 缓冲区相关数据结构
    int buffer[BUFFER_SIZE]; /* 实际数据存放的数组*/
    pthread_mutex_t lock; /* 互斥体lock 用于对缓冲区的互斥操作 */
    int readpos, writepos; /* 读写指针*/
    pthread_cond_t notempty; /* 缓冲区非空的条件变量 */
    pthread_cond_t notfull; /* 缓冲区未满的条件变量 */
};

struct prodcons buffer;

/* 初始化缓冲区结构 */
void init(struct prodcons *b)
{
    pthread_mutex_init(&b->lock, NULL);
    pthread_cond_init(&b->notempty, NULL);
    pthread_cond_init(&b->notfull, NULL);
    b->readpos = 0;
    b->writepos = 0;
}

/* 将产品放入缓冲区,这里是存入一个整数*/
void put(struct prodcons *b, int data)
{
    pthread_mutex_lock(&b->lock);

    /* 等待缓冲区未满*/
    if ((b->writepos + 1) % BUFFER_SIZE == b->readpos) {
        printf("put wait lock\n");
        pthread_cond_wait(&b->notfull, &b->lock);
    }

    /* 写数据,并移动指针 */
    b->buffer[b->writepos] = data;
    b->writepos++;
    if (b->writepos >= BUFFER_SIZE) {
        b->writepos = 0;
    }

    /* 设置缓冲区非空的条件变量*/
    pthread_cond_signal(&b->notempty);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&b->lock);
}

/* 从缓冲区中取出整数*/
int get(struct prodcons *b)
{
    int data = 0;

    pthread_mutex_lock(&b->lock);

    /* 等待缓冲区非空*/
    if (b->writepos == b->readpos) {
        printf("get wait lock\n");
        pthread_cond_wait(&b->notempty, &b->lock);
    }

    /* 读数据,移动读指针*/
    data = b->buffer[b->readpos];
    b->readpos++;
    if (b->readpos >= BUFFER_SIZE) {
        b->readpos = 0;
    }

    /* 设置缓冲区未满的条件变量*/
    pthread_cond_signal(&b->notfull);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&b->lock);
    return data;
}

/* 测试:生产者线程将1 到10000 的整数送入缓冲区,消费者线
   程从缓冲区中获取整数,两者都打印信息*/
void *producer(void *data)
{
    int n = 0;
    for (n = 0; n < 10000; n++) {
        printf("%d --->\n", n);
        put(&buffer, n);
        sleep(1);
    }
    put(&buffer, OVER);
    return NULL;
}

void *consumer(void *data)
{
    int d = 0;
    while (1) {
        d = get(&buffer);
        if (d == OVER) {
            break;
        }
        printf("--->%d \n", d);
        sleep(1);
    }
    return NULL;
}

int main(void)
{
    pthread_t th_a, th_b;
    void *retval;

    init(&buffer);

    /* 创建生产者和消费者线程*/
    pthread_create(&th_a, NULL, producer, 0);
    pthread_create(&th_b, NULL, consumer, 0);

    /* 等待两个线程结束*/
    pthread_join(th_a, &retval);
    pthread_join(th_b, &retval);

    return 0;
}

编译：gcc test2.c -lpthread

结果：

$ ./a.out
0 --->
get wait lock
--->0
1 --->
--->1
2 --->
--->2
3 --->
--->3
4 --->
--->4
5 --->
--->5
6 --->
--->6
7 --->
--->7
...