- 对象和类
- 使用class和类名来创建一个类。类中的属性的生命和常亮、变量声明一样,唯一的区别就是它们的上下文是类。 同样,方法和函数声明也一样。
class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() ->String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
要创建一个类的实例,在类的后面加上括号。使用点语法来访问实例的属性和方法。
var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
使用构造函数来初始化实例。使用init来创建一个构造器
class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0
var name: String
init (name:String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() ->String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
self被用来区别实例变量。当你创建实例的时候,像传入函数参数一样给类传入构造器的参数。没个属性都需要赋值—-无论是通过声明(就像numberOfSides)还是通过构造器(name).
如果你需要在删除对象之前进行一些清理工作,使用deinit创建一个析构函数。
列表内容子类的定义方法是,在它们的类名后面加上父类的名字,用冒号分开。创建类的时候并不需要一个标准的根类,可以忽略父类。
子类如果要重写父类的方法的话,需要用override标记—–如果没有添加override就重写父来方法的话编译器会报错。
class Square: NamedShape {
var sideLength:Double
init(sideLength:Double,name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() -> Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
let test = Square (sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
属性可以有getter 和 setter
class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 3
}
var perimeter:Double {
get {
return 3.0 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 3.0
}
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
print(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
print(triangle.sideLength)
- 在perimeter中,心值的名字是newValue
- 如果不需要计算属性,但是需要在设置一个新值之前运行一些代码,使用willSet和didSet
- 下面的类确保三角形的边长总是和正方形的变长相同
//在Swift语言中用了willSet和didSet这两个特性来监视属性的除初始化之外的属性值变化
class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle:EquilateralTriangle {
willSet{
square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
var square:Square {
willSet {
triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
init(size:Double, name:String) {
square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
}
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
print(triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength)
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
处理变量的可选值时,可以在操作(比如方法,属性和子脚本)之前加 ?。如果 ?之前的值是nil,?后面的东西会被忽略,并且整个表达式返回nil。否则,?之后的东西都会被运行。在这两种情况下,整个表达式的值也是一个可选值
let optionalSquare:Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength