popcount或者hamming weight（二进制1的个数问题）

这是一道《编程之美－微软技术面试心得》中的题目，

《编程之美》中给出了五种解法，但是实际上从 Wikipedia 上我们可以找到更优的算法。

这道题的本质相当于求二进制数的 Hamming 权重，或者说是该二进制数与 0 的 Hamming 距离，这两个概念在信息论和编码理论中是相当有名的。在二进制的情况下，它们也经常被叫做 population count 或者 popcount 问题

1. 比如：int count=0;

for(;x;x>>1)

{

count++;

}//当然也有每次用x直接除以2 的。

2.后来就是用x&(x-1)的结果是否为0来判断，如果为零，有一个1，否则没有。

所以有：

for(;x;count++)

x&=x-1;

3.查表大法

就是一一列举这n位二进制所有的可能到数组中，然后直接查表就是了

比如 gcc 中就提供了一个内建函数：int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int x)

4.这个新的方法叫shift and add,正如名字一样，该算法用的就是shift 和add（移位和加法）：

对于n位二进制数，最多有n个1，而n必定能由n位二进制数来表示，因此我们在求出某k位中1的个数后，可以将结果直接存储在这k位中，不需要额外的空间。
以4位二进制数abcd为例，最终结果是a+b+c+d，循环的话需要4步加法

那么我们让abcd相邻的两个数相加，也就是 a+b+c+d=[a+b]+[c+d]

[0 b 0 d]

[0 a 0 c]

--------

[e f] [ g h]

ef=a+b   gh=c+d 而 0b0d=(abcd)&0101,0a0c=(abcd)>>1 &0101

[ef]  [gh]再相邻的两组相加

[00 ef]

    [gh]

--------

i j k l

ijkl=ef+gh  gh=(efgh)&& 0011 ,ef=(efgh)>>2 & 0011

依次入次递推。需要log(N)次

代码如下：

/* ===========================================================================
* Problem: 
*   The fastest way to count how many 1s in a 32-bits integer.
*
* Algorithm:
*   The problem equals to calculate the Hamming weight of a 32-bits integer,
*   or the Hamming distance between a 32-bits integer and 0. In binary cases,
*   it is also called the population count, or popcount.[1]
*
*   The best solution known are based on adding counts in a tree pattern
*   (divide and conquer). Due to space limit, here is an example for a
*   8-bits binary number A=01101100:[1]
* | Expression            | Binary   | Decimal | Comment                    |
* | A                     | 01101100 |         | the original number        |
* | B = A & 01010101      | 01000100 | 1,0,1,0 | every other bit from A     |
* | C = (A>>1) & 01010101 | 00010100 | 0,1,1,0 | remaining bits from A      |
* | D = B + C             | 01011000 | 1,1,2,0 | # of 1s in each 2-bit of A | 
* | E = D & 00110011      | 00010000 | 1,0     | every other count from D   |
* | F = (D>>2) & 00110011 | 00010010 | 1,2     | remaining counts from D    |
* | G = E + F             | 00100010 | 2,2     | # of 1s in each 4-bit of A |
* | H = G & 00001111      | 00000010 | 2       | every other count from G   |
* | I = (G>>4) & 00001111 | 00000010 | 2       | remaining counts from G    |
* | J = H + I             | 00000100 | 4       | No. of 1s in A             |
* Hence A have 4 1s.
*
* [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_weight
*
* ===========================================================================
*/
#include <stdio.h>

typedef unsigned int UINT32;
const UINT32 m1  = 0x55555555;  // 01010101010101010101010101010101
const UINT32 m2  = 0x33333333;  // 00110011001100110011001100110011
const UINT32 m4  = 0x0f0f0f0f;  // 00001111000011110000111100001111
const UINT32 m8  = 0x00ff00ff;  // 00000000111111110000000011111111
const UINT32 m16 = 0x0000ffff;  // 00000000000000001111111111111111
const UINT32 h01 = 0x01010101;  // the sum of 256 to the power of 0, 1, 2, 3

/* This is a naive implementation, shown for comparison, and to help in 
* understanding the better functions. It uses 20 arithmetic operations
* (shift, add, and). */
int popcount_1(UINT32 x)
{
  x = (x & m1) + ((x >> 1) & m1);
  x = (x & m2) + ((x >> 2) & m2);
  x = (x & m4) + ((x >> 4) & m4);
  x = (x & m8) + ((x >> 8) & m8);
  x = (x & m16) + ((x >> 16) & m16);
  return x;
}

5.对shift and add的优化

/* This uses fewer arithmetic operations than any other known implementation
* on machines with slow multiplication. It uses 15 arithmetic operations. */
int popcount_2(UINT32 x)
{
  x -= (x >> 1) & m1;             //put count of each 2 bits into those 2 bits
  x = (x & m2) + ((x >> 2) & m2); //put count of each 4 bits into those 4 bits 
  x = (x + (x >> 4)) & m4;        //put count of each 8 bits into those 8 bits 
  x += x >> 8;           //put count of each 16 bits into their lowest 8 bits
  x += x >> 16;          //put count of each 32 bits into their lowest 8 bits
  return x & 0x1f;
}

/* This uses fewer arithmetic operations than any other known implementation
* on machines with fast multiplication. It uses 12 arithmetic operations, 
* one of which is a multiply. */
int popcount_3(UINT32 x)
{
  x -= (x >> 1) & m1;             //put count of each 2 bits into those 2 bits
  x = (x & m2) + ((x >> 2) & m2); //put count of each 4 bits into those 4 bits 
  x = (x + (x >> 4)) & m4;        //put count of each 8 bits into those 8 bits 
  return (x * h01) >> 24;  // left 8 bits of x + (x<<8) + (x<<16) + (x<<24)
}