Hyperspace初体验：Delta Lake表索引

Hyperspace初体验：Delta Lake表索引

1.简介

Hyperspace是一个由微软开发的开源的数据湖索引子系统。

1.1 特性

• 提供了一套定义完好的索引管理API （4.1 建索引, 5.2 增量刷新）

  • 为用户提供更大的自由度，毕竟用户是最了解自己用例的人
  • 不尝试去解决所有问题，有些问题没有固定答案

• 独立于数据和元数据，索引有自己的元数据/日志（4.2 Hyperspace日志）

• 能感知到底层数据的版本，同数据一起“时间旅行” （5.1 Time Travel支持）

• 因为Hybrid Scan，索引与原始数据不需要完全同步 （5.3 Hybrid Scan）

1.2 开发中

Hyperspace项目目前比较活跃，还有很多重要功能在开发中，想要预览的话可以尝试用 master 分支代码:

• Spark 3.x: https://github.com/microsoft/hyperspace/issues/407

• Iceberg: https://github.com/microsoft/hyperspace/issues/318

• 索引实现

  • Z-ordering: https://github.com/microsoft/hyperspace/issues/515
  • Data skipping: https://github.com/microsoft/hyperspace/issues/441

---

2.安装

2.1 软件版本

• Hyperspace 0.4.0支持Delta Lake表的索引
• Delta Lake 0.6.1是最后一个支持Spark 2.x的版本
• Spark 2.4.2和Scala 2.12.8与上述Hyperspace, Delta Lake版本兼容

因为对 Apache Spark 3.x的支持还在开发中, Spark 2.4.2看起来是目前唯一能让Hyperspace和Delta Lake共同工作的Spark版本。

2.2 CLI启动

bin/spark-shell --packages io.delta:delta-core_2.12:0.6.1,com.microsoft.hyperspace:hyperspace-core_2.12:0.4.0 --conf "spark.sql.extensions=io.delta.sql.DeltaSparkSessionExtension" --conf "spark.sql.catalog.spark_catalog=org.apache.spark.sql.delta.catalog.DeltaCatalog"

Ivy Default Cache set to: /Users/daichen/.ivy2/cache
The jars for the packages stored in: /Users/daichen/.ivy2/jars
:: loading settings :: url = jar:file:/Users/daichen/Software/spark-2.4.2-bin-hadoop2.7/jars/ivy-2.4.0.jar!/org/apache/ivy/core/settings/ivysettings.xml
io.delta#delta-core_2.12 added as a dependency
com.microsoft.hyperspace#hyperspace-core_2.11 added as a dependency
:: resolving dependencies :: org.apache.spark#spark-submit-parent-040a057e-2b7f-4d3a-a658-b93e6474dc47;1.0
    confs: [default]
    found io.delta#delta-core_2.12;0.6.1 in central
    found org.antlr#antlr4;4.7 in central
    found org.antlr#antlr4-runtime;4.7 in local-m2-cache
    found org.antlr#antlr-runtime;3.5.2 in local-m2-cache
    found org.antlr#ST4;4.0.8 in local-m2-cache
    found org.abego.treelayout#org.abego.treelayout.core;1.0.3 in local-m2-cache
    found org.glassfish#javax.json;1.0.4 in local-m2-cache
    found com.ibm.icu#icu4j;58.2 in local-m2-cache
    found com.microsoft.hyperspace#hyperspace-core_2.11;0.3.0 in central
:: resolution report :: resolve 351ms :: artifacts dl 9ms
    :: modules in use:
    com.ibm.icu#icu4j;58.2 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    com.microsoft.hyperspace#hyperspace-core_2.11;0.3.0 from central in [default]
    io.delta#delta-core_2.12;0.6.1 from central in [default]
    org.abego.treelayout#org.abego.treelayout.core;1.0.3 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    org.antlr#ST4;4.0.8 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    org.antlr#antlr-runtime;3.5.2 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    org.antlr#antlr4;4.7 from central in [default]
    org.antlr#antlr4-runtime;4.7 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    org.glassfish#javax.json;1.0.4 from local-m2-cache in [default]
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    |                  |            modules            ||   artifacts   |
    |       conf       | number| search|dwnlded|evicted|| number|dwnlded|
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    |      default     |   9   |   0   |   0   |   0   ||   9   |   0   |
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------
:: retrieving :: org.apache.spark#spark-submit-parent-040a057e-2b7f-4d3a-a658-b93e6474dc47
    confs: [default]
    0 artifacts copied, 9 already retrieved (0kB/8ms)
21/12/09 16:15:53 WARN NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable
Using Spark's default log4j profile: org/apache/spark/log4j-defaults.properties
Setting default log level to "WARN".
To adjust logging level use sc.setLogLevel(newLevel). For SparkR, use setLogLevel(newLevel).
Spark context Web UI available at http://192.168.4.51:4040
Spark context available as 'sc' (master = local[*], app id = local-1639095359127).
Spark session available as 'spark'.
Welcome to
      ____              __
     / __/__  ___ _____/ /__
    _\ \/ _ \/ _ `/ __/  '_/
   /___/ .__/\_,_/_/ /_/\_\   version 2.4.2
      /_/

Using Scala version 2.12.8 (OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.8.0_312)
Type in expressions to have them evaluated.
Type :help for more information.

scala>

---

3.Delta Lake表

3.1 建表

本文所有例子都使用Spark自带的 employees.json 数据集。首先，我们就先用这个数据集建一张Delta Lake的分区表。

scala> val employees = spark.read.json("examples/src/main/resources/employees.json")
employees: org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame = [name: string, salary: bigint]

scala> employees.show()
+-------+------+
|   name|salary|
+-------+------+
|Michael|  3000|
|   Andy|  4500|
| Justin|  3500|
|  Berta|  4000|
+-------+------+

scala> employees.write.partitionBy("salary").format("delta").save("/tmp/delta-table/employees")

现在可以看一下Delta Lake的文件夹结构:

$ tree /tmp/delta-table/employees
/tmp/delta-table/employees
├── _delta_log
│   └── 00000000000000000000.json
├── salary=3000
│   └── part-00000-e0493ade-23d4-402e-bf43-0ad727b0754e.c000.snappy.parquet
├── salary=3500
│   └── part-00000-5bae7fa3-43c3-43a7-85a2-286848b5d589.c000.snappy.parquet
├── salary=4000
│   └── part-00000-090c7267-5a47-439a-8ca6-3ae670969ac3.c000.snappy.parquet
└── salary=4500
    └── part-00000-375f485f-d021-4625-b598-1f86b3ad8953.c000.snappy.parquet

3.2 Delta Lake日志

Delta日志记录了数据文件中所有的增加和删除操作（因为Data Lake存储，比如S3，不支持文件的更新甚至追加），这个日志本身也是 Parquet格式的:

$ cat /tmp/delta-table/employees/_delta_log/00000000000000000000.json
{
   "commitInfo":{
   "timestamp":1639095874103,"operation":"WRITE","operationParameters":{
   "mode":"ErrorIfExists","partitionBy":"[\"salary\"]"},"isBlindAppend":true,"operationMetrics":{
   "numFiles":"4","numOutputBytes":"1679","numOutputRows":"4"}}}
{
   "protocol":{
   "minReaderVersion":1,"minWriterVersion":2}}
{
   "metaData":{
   "id":"0c5bbb47-1ee3-4637-883c-61284a73501b","format":{
   "provider":"parquet","options":{
   }},"schemaString":"{
   \"type\":\"struct\",\"fields\":[{
   \"name\":\"name\",\"type\":\"string\",\"nullable\":true,\"metadata\":{}},{
   \"name\":\"salary\",\"type\":\"long\",\"nullable\":true,\"metadata\":{}}]}","partitionColumns":["salary"],"configuration":{
   },"createdTime":1639095873565}}
{
   "add":{
   "path":"salary=3000/part-00000-e0493ade-23d4-402e-bf43-0ad727b0754e.c000.snappy.parquet","partitionValues":{
   "salary":"3000"},"size":434,"modificationTime":1639095873996,"dataChange":true}}
{
   "add":{
   "path":"salary=3500/part-00000-5bae7fa3-43c3-43a7-85a2-286848b5d589.c000.snappy.parquet","partitionValues":{
   "salary":"3500"},"size":