Python--2. 内置对象

2.4 Python常用内置函数用法精要

dir(__builtins__)  #查看所有内置函数和内置对象

['ArithmeticError',
 'AssertionError',
 'AttributeError',
 'BaseException',
 'BlockingIOError',
 'BrokenPipeError',
 'BufferError',
 'BytesWarning',
 'ChildProcessError',
 'ConnectionAbortedError',
 'ConnectionError',
 'ConnectionRefusedError',
 'ConnectionResetError',
 'DeprecationWarning',
 'EOFError',
 'Ellipsis',
 'EnvironmentError',
 'Exception',
 'False',
 'FileExistsError',
 'FileNotFoundError',
 'FloatingPointError',
 'FutureWarning',
 'GeneratorExit',
 'IOError',
 'ImportError',
 'ImportWarning',
 'IndentationError',
 'IndexError',
 'InterruptedError',
 'IsADirectoryError',
 'KeyError',
 'KeyboardInterrupt',
 'LookupError',
 'MemoryError',
 'ModuleNotFoundError',
 'NameError',
 'None',
 'NotADirectoryError',
 'NotImplemented',
 'NotImplementedError',
 'OSError',
 'OverflowError',
 'PendingDeprecationWarning',
 'PermissionError',
 'ProcessLookupError',
 'RecursionError',
 'ReferenceError',
 'ResourceWarning',
 'RuntimeError',
 'RuntimeWarning',
 'StopAsyncIteration',
 'StopIteration',
 'SyntaxError',
 'SyntaxWarning',
 'SystemError',
 'SystemExit',
 'TabError',
 'TimeoutError',
 'True',
 'TypeError',
 'UnboundLocalError',
 'UnicodeDecodeError',
 'UnicodeEncodeError',
 'UnicodeError',
 'UnicodeTranslateError',
 'UnicodeWarning',
 'UserWarning',
 'ValueError',
 'Warning',
 'WindowsError',
 'ZeroDivisionError',
 '__IPYTHON__',
 '__build_class__',
 '__debug__',
 '__doc__',
 '__import__',
 '__loader__',
 '__name__',
 '__package__',
 '__spec__',
 'abs',
 'all',
 'any',
 'ascii',
 'bin',
 'bool',
 'breakpoint',
 'bytearray',
 'bytes',
 'callable',
 'chr',
 'classmethod',
 'compile',
 'complex',
 'copyright',
 'credits',
 'delattr',
 'dict',
 'dir',
 'display',
 'divmod',
 'enumerate',
 'eval',
 'exec',
 'filter',
 'float',
 'format',
 'frozenset',
 'get_ipython',
 'getattr',
 'globals',
 'hasattr',
 'hash',
 'help',
 'hex',
 'id',
 'input',
 'int',
 'isinstance',
 'issubclass',
 'iter',
 'len',
 'license',
 'list',
 'locals',
 'map',
 'max',
 'memoryview',
 'min',
 'next',
 'object',
 'oct',
 'open',
 'ord',
 'pow',
 'print',
 'property',
 'range',
 'repr',
 'reversed',
 'round',
 'set',
 'setattr',
 'slice',
 'sorted',
 'staticmethod',
 'str',
 'sum',
 'super',
 'tuple',
 'type',
 'vars',
 'zip']

2.4.1 类型转换与类型判断

• 进制转换

print(bin(555))  #把数字转换为二进制串
print(oct(555))  #把数字转换为八进制串
print(hex(555))  #把数字转换为十六进制串

0b1000101011
0o1053
0x22b

• int()函数

print(int(-3.2))  #实转整
print(int('22b',16))  #十六进制转十进制
print(int('111',6))  #第二个参数可以为2-36之间的数字
print(int('0b111',0))  #0表示使用字符串隐含的进制

-3
555
43
7

print(int('0b111'))  #非十进制字符串间，必须制定第二个参数

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-4-55a62c174b12> in <module>
----> 1 print(int('0b111'))  #非十进制字符串间，必须制定第二个参数


ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '0b111'

• float() #其他类型转实数

• ord()与chr()

print(ord('a'))
print(chr(65))
print(ord('中'))

97
A
20013

• str()

• ascii() #把对象转换为ASCII码表示形式

print(ascii('a'))
print(ascii('中文'))

'a'
'\u4e2d\u6587'

• 内置类bytes（详见p30）

• list()、tuple()、dict()、set()、frozenset()

• type()和isinstance()

print(isinstance(3j,(int,float,complex)))

True

2.4.2 最值与求和

print(max(['2','111']))  #不指定排序规则，默认为ASCII码的大小

2

2.4.3 基本输入输出

• input() 中内容一律作为字符串对待

• print()

help(print)

Help on built-in function print in module builtins:

print(...)
    print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
    
    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
    Optional keyword arguments:
    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.
    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.
    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.

2.4.4 排序与逆序

• sorted() #返回新列表

import random
x = list(range(11))
random.shuffle(x)
print(x)
print(sorted(x))
print(x)  #sorted()不影响原列表

[8, 2, 6, 10, 0, 9, 7, 3, 4, 1, 5]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[8, 2, 6, 10, 0, 9, 7, 3, 4, 1, 5]

help(sorted)  #key为转换类型(转换为该类型后进行排序)，默认False为升序

Help on built-in function sorted in module builtins:

sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
    Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.
    
    A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
    reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.

2.4.5 枚举

• enumerate()

print(list(enumerate('abcdefg')))  #枚举字符串中的元素
print(list(enumerate(['Python','Greate'])))  #枚举列表中的元素
print(list(enumerate({'a':97,'b':98,'c':99}.items())))  #枚举列表中所有元素,若无“.items()”,则只取出key值

[(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c'), (3, 'd'), (4, 'e'), (5, 'f'), (6, 'g')]
[(0, 'Python'), (1, 'Greate')]
[(0, ('a', 97)), (1, ('b', 98)), (2, ('c', 99))]

for index,value in enumerate(range(10,15)):  #枚举range中的对象
    print((index,value),end=' ')

(0, 10) (1, 11) (2, 12) (3, 13) (4, 14) 

help(enumerate)  #参数start用来指定枚举时的索引起始值

Help on class enumerate in module builtins:

class enumerate(object)
 |  enumerate(iterable, start=0)
 |  
 |  Return an enumerate object.
 |  
 |    iterable
 |      an object supporting iteration
 |  
 |  The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which
 |  defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
 |  
 |  enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
 |      (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __next__(self, /)
 |      Implement next(self).
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Return state information for pickling.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

2.4.6 map()、reduce()、filter()

• map()

from random import randint
x = randint(1,1e30)
y = list(map(int,str(x)))  #提取大整数每位上的数字
print(y)

[2, 8, 2, 4, 0, 9, 6, 5, 9, 5, 8, 3, 9, 8, 0, 8, 7, 0, 1, 6, 9, 8, 7, 1, 2, 2, 8, 5, 6, 5]

• reduce()

def add(x,y):
    return x+y
from functools import reduce
seq = list(range(1,10))
print(reduce(add,seq))

45

• filter() #将一个单参数函数作用到一个序列上，返回该序列中使得该函数返回值为True的那些元素组成的filter对象
• 如果制定函数为None，则返回序列中等价于True的元素

seq = ['fool','x41','?! ','***']
def func(x):
    return x.isalnum()
a = filter(func,seq)
print(type(a))
print(list(a))
print(seq)  #不对原列表做任何修改

<class 'filter'>
['fool', 'x41']
['fool', 'x41', '?! ', '***']

2.4.7 range()

• range(start, stop[, step]) #[start,stop)

• 在循环结构中经常使用range()函数来控制循环次数

for i in range(4):
    print(3,end=' ')

3 3 3 3 

• 使用range()函数控制数值范围

for i in range(200,0,-1):
    if i %17 == 0:
        print(i)  #200以内能被17整除的最大正整数
        break

187

2.4.8 zip()

print(list(zip('abcd')))  #压缩一个序列
print(list(zip('123','abc','!@?')))  #压缩三个序列
for item in zip ('abcd',range(3)):  #zip对象可迭代
    print(item)

[('a',), ('b',), ('c',), ('d',)]
[('1', 'a', '!'), ('2', 'b', '@'), ('3', 'c', '?')]
('a', 0)
('b', 1)
('c', 2)

2.4.9 eval() (详见p39)