red hat 练习RH124

Time

ID	Course	Days	Content
1	RH124	3	command
2	RH134	3	system
3	RH254	4	service & security

必须会的内容*4

• word
• Tab
• man
• echo

Env

• OS RHEL7

  • GUI MEM>=1G

  • CLI MEM>=512M

    Hard Vt-x, 64bit

• Soft VMware

• Folder 16GB

Topology

VM	host	user	super	MEM
VMware	foundation0	kiosk%redhat	root%Asimov	>=3GB
KVM	classroom	instructor%Asimov	root%Asimov	-
KVM	server	student%student	root%redhat	-
KVM	desktop	student%student	root%redhat	-

环境配置

[VMware]

“编辑” / “虚拟网络编辑器”

​ “更改设置” / 选择“vmnet1”/取消复选“dhcp”

[foundation]

$ rht-vmctl status classroom
$ rht-vmctl start classroom
$ rht-vmctl status classroom
$ ping classroom

Ctrl+C

$ rht-vmctl start desktop
$ ping -c 4 d0
$ ssh student@d0

[desktop0]

$ 

---

1. basic

login

	RHLE7	RHEL6
GLI	Ctrl+Alt+F1	Ctrl+Alt+F7
CUI	Ctrl+Alt+Fx	Ctrl+Alt+Fy
	x in {2…6}	y in {1…6}

$ cat /etc/shells
[student@desktop0 ~]$
[root@desktop0 ~]#

[username@hostname working_dir] permission

命令基本格式

$ command [-o|–options] [arg]

$ ls
$ ls /etc
$ ls -a
$ ls -a /home
$ ls --all /home

命令示例

$ date
$ date +%y%m%d
$ date --help
$ passwd 
Changing password for user student.
Changing password for student.
(current) UNIX password: `student`
New password: `student`
BAD PASSWORD: The password is the same as the old one
New password: `P@ssw0rd`
BAD PASSWORD: The password fails the dictionary check - it is based on a dictionary word
New password: `P@33w0rd`
Retype new password: `P@33w0rd`
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

Tab

• 一下补全
• 两下列出
• 对象：命令，选项，参数

COMMAND
$ pas<Tab><Tab>
$ pass<Tab>
$ su -
redhat

OPTION
# useradd -<Tab>
# useradd --<Tab><Tab>
# useradd --ui<Tab>

ARG
# ls /<Tab><Tab>
# ls /e<TAB>

history

$ history
$ ls ~/.bash_history
$ echo $HISTSIZE
$ !char
$ !linenumber

---

2. explorer

Linus Dos+x86 -=> Minix/2000+x86 = Linux

Stoman GNU=Tools

Linux=unix+x86
/usr

路径 PATH

$ cd /
$ cd /etc
$ cd ..
$ cd var/log
$ cd
$ cd ~student
$ cd .
$ cd -

$ pwd
$ cd /var/log
$ ls
$ pwd
$ ls /var/log

查看文件内容

$ cat -n /var/log/messages
$ more /var/log/messages

SPACE, Enter, q

$ less /var/log/messages

SPACE, Enter, q, ↑

$ head /var/log/messages
$ cat -n /var/log/messages | head -n 2
$ tail /var/log/messages
$ cat -n /var/log/messages | tail -n 2

文件、文件夹管理

# mkdir /folder
# ls -d /folder
# touch /folder/file
# ls /folder/file

# cp -r /folder /tmp
# ls -d /tmp/folder
# cp /folder/file /tmp
# ls /tmp/file

# mv /tmp/folder /home
# ls -d /tmp/folder /home/folder
# mv /tmp/file /home
# ls /home/file
# mv /home/folder /home/wjj
# mv /home/file /home/wj

# rm -r /home/wjj

y*n

# rm /home/wj

y

通配符

$ touch {x,y}.txt
$ ls
$ touch {a..d}.txt
$ ls
$ touch {a..c}{1..3}.txt
$ ls
$ ls a*
$ ls ?3* 
$ ls [ac]*
$ ls [^ac]*
$ ls [!ac]*
$ ls [ac]*
$ ls {a,c}*
$ ls {a1,c2}*

---

3. help

man

$ man man

q

$ man passwd
$ man 5 passwd
$ whereis passwd
$ echo $SHELL
$ man bash

/if, 76n

# mandb
# man -k fire
# man firewalld.richlanguage

# man --help

Shift+PgUp / Shift+PgDn

info and pinfo

# info ls
# pinfo ls

/usr/share/doc

# grep -r BOOTPROTO /usr/share/doc/
# vim /usr/share/doc/initscripts-9.49.17/sysconfig.txt

/ifcfg

4. edit file

vim

# vim filename

i

ni hao
wo hao

Esc
:wq

# cat filename

Shortcut. vim

# vim /var/log/messages
:set number

ID	Key	Function
1	h, j, k, l	$ \leftarrow $</kbd>,<kbd>$ \downarrow ​$</kbd>,<kbd>$ \uparrow ​$</kbd>,<kbd>$ \rightarrow ​$
2	gg	光标跳到首行
3	G	光标跳到尾行
4	numbergg	光标跳到指定行
5	numberG	光标跳到指定行
6	:number	光标跳到指定行
7	x	删除一个字母
8	dw	删除一个单词
9	dd	删除一行
10	u	undo
11	Ctrl+R	redo
12	r	replace
13	yll	select
14	vy	yank
15	yw	复制一个单词
16	yy	复制一行
17	p	paste

>,>>

# echo haha
# ls
# echo haha > 1.txt
# echo haha >> 2.txt
# ls
# cat 1.txt
# cat 2.txt

# echo hehe > 1.txt
# echo hehe >> 2.txt
# cat 1.txt
# cat 2.txt

1,2,&

# echo haha
# Echo hehe
# echo haha > 1.txt
# cat 1.txt
# echo haha 1> 1.txt
# cat 1.txt
# Echo hehe 2> 2.txt
# cat 2.txt
# cat 1.txt &>> all.txt

# find / -user student
# find / -user student > 1.txt 2> 2.txt
# cat 1.txt 
# cat 2.txt

<,<<

# mail student
bt
nr
.
# mail -s bt1 student
nr1
.
# mail -s bt2 student < 1.txt 
# su - student -c mail
3

Space, q

# cat
ni hao
wo hao

Ctrl+D

# cat > file.out
ni hao
wo hao

Ctrl+D

# cat file.out
# cat > file.out <<EOF
ni hao
wo hao
EOF
# cat file.out

|

# passwd --stdin student
student
# echo student | passwd --stdin student
# echo ni hao ma | mail -s btg student
# head -n 8 /var/log/messages | tail -n 1
# cat -n /var/log/messages | head -n 8 | tail -n 1
# cat -n /var/log/messages | head -n 8 | tee file.bk | tail -n 1

grep

# env | grep hist || echo no
# env | grep -i hist
# grep root /etc/passwd
# grep ^root /etc/passwd
# grep nologin$ /etc/passwd
# cat /etc/fstab
# grep ^$ /etc/fstab
# cat /etc/fstab
# grep -v ^$ /etc/fstab
# grep -v ^$ /etc/fstab | grep -v \#

; && ||

# echo haha; echo hehe
# echo haha && echo hehe
# Echo haha && echo hehe
# Echo haha || echo hehe
# echo haha || echo hehe

---

5. account

user, group

add, mod, del

passwd

chage

/etc/passwd

/etc/shadow

/etc/group

user

/etc/passwd
# grep ^root /etc/passwd; grep student /etc/passwd
# grep -e ^root -e student /etc/passwd
# grep -E '^root|student' /etc/passwd
# egrep  '^root|student' /etc/passwd
# man 5 passwd

useradd
# useradd tom
# echo mima | passwd --stdin tom
# (echo mima; echo mima) | passwd tom

usermod
# usermod -l cat tom
# id tom
# id cat

userdel
# grep cat /etc/passwd
# ls -d /home/tom/
# userdel cat
# id cat
# ls -d /home/tom/
# grep cat /etc/passwd
# grep student /etc/passwd

group

# useradd fred
# echo fred1111 | passwd --stdin fred
# egrep 'student|fred' /etc/group
# id student; id fred

# usermod -G wheel fred
# id fred
# usermod -G root fred
# id fred

# usermod -aG wheel fred
# gpasswd -a fred bin
# id fred

# gpasswd -d fred root
# id fred
# groupadd sales
# groupmod -n xiaoshou sales
# groupdel xiaoshou

su

$ echo $PATH
$ su
redhat
# echo $PATH

Ctrl+D

$ su -
redhat
# echo $PATH

sudo

# vim /etc/sudoers
# visudo 
OPERATION: /wheel,<o>
fred    ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/tail
# su - fred
$ tail /var/log/messages || echo no
$ sudo tail /var/log/messages

/etc/shadow

# egrep -n 'fred|student' /etc/shadow
# chage -l fred
# man 5 shadow

# chage -l student
# chage -d 0 student
# chage -l student
# ssh student@d0
# chage -l student
# chage -m 7 -M 90 -W 14 student
# chage -l student

---

6. permission

ls

# ls -l anaconda-ks.cfg
# touch anaconda-ks.cfg 
# ls -lh
note: partition= inode + block
# getfacl anaconda-ks.cfg 
note: .,+
# file anaconda-ks.cfg 
# ls -ld /root
# file /root
# ls -l /dev/vda
# file /dev/vda
# ls -l /dev/null
# file /dev/null

chmod

• char

ID	permission	comments	file	folder
1	r	read	cat	ls
2	w	write	>	touch
3	x	execute	script	cd

• num
  | rwx | binary | calc | number |
  | :–: | :–: | :------------------: | :–: |
  | r-- | 100 | 1*2^2+0*21+02^0 | 4 |
  | -w- | 010 | 02^2+1*21+0*2^0 | 2 |
  | --x | 001 | 0*2^2+0*21+1*2^0 | 1 |

# mkdir /folder
# touch /folder/file
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chmod go=- /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chmod u-x,g=rx,o+rx /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chmod 755 /folder/
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chmod +x /folder/file
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}

ID	user	comments
1	u	user
2	g	group
3	o	other
4	a	all

chown

# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chown student:wheel /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chown -R student:wheel /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chown -R fred /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# chown -R :root /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}

umask

• folder = 777 - umask
• file = 666 - umask

# umask 
# su - student -c umask
# su - student -c "\
mkdir folder && \
touch folder/file && \
ls -ld folder/{.,*}"

rwxrwxrwx

uuugggooo

rwsrwsrwt

NUM	privileges	object	function
4	suid	file	调用文件所属用户身份执行
2	sgid	folder	新创建文件所属组为文件夹所属组
1	stick	folder	只有root和所属用户可以删除

suid

# which touch
# cp /usr/bin/touch /usr/bin/mo
# chown student /usr/bin/mo
# chmod u+s /usr/bin/mo
# ls -l /usr/bin/mo
# touch root.touch
# mo root.mo
# ls -l root*

# ls -l /usr/bin/passwd /etc/shadow
# chmod u-s /usr/bin/mo
# ll /usr/bin/mo
# chmod 4755 /usr/bin/mo
# ll /usr/bin/mo

sgid

# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# touch /folder/new.file
# chown :student /folder
# chmod g+s /folder
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}
# touch /folder/xin.file
# ls -ld /folder/{.,*}

stick

# ls -ld /tmp/
# su - student -c "
touch /tmp/s{1..3}.txt && \
ls -l /tmp/s[1-3]*"
# rm -rf /tmp/s1.txt 
# su - student -c "rm -rf /tmp/s2.txt"
# su - fred -c "rm -rf /tmp/s3.txt"
# ls -l /tmp/s[1-3]*

---

7. process

ps

# ps -aux
# ps -aux | head -n 2

top

# top

1, h

f, $\uparrow$$\downarrow$, Space, s, q

q

kill

# ps -aux
# kill -9 <PID>

jobs

# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1K &
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=2K

Ctrl+Z

# jobs
# bg 2
# jobs
# fg 1

Ctrl+C

# kill -9 %1

---

8. systemctl

systemctl

	RHEL7	RHEL<7
1	# systemctl restart DAEMON	# service DAEMON restart
2	# systemctl enable DAEMON	# chkconfig DAEMON on
3	# systemctl status DAEMON	# service DAEMON status
4	# systemctl status DAEMON	# chkconfig --list

# systemctl -t help
# systemctl get-default 
# systemctl status crond 
# systemctl status crond -l
# systemctl is-active crond
# systemctl is-enabled crond
# systemctl status crond 

debug

# systemctl status DAEMON -l
# vim /var/log/messages

mask

# systemctl is-active iptables
# systemctl is-active firewalld
# systemctl start iptables
# systemctl is-active firewalld && echo off
# systemctl is-active iptables && echo on
# systemctl mask iptables
# systemctl stop iptables
# systemctl start iptables || echo no

---

9. ssh

~/.ssh/known_hosts

# ssh root@c
yes

Ctrl+C

# cat ~/.ssh/known_hosts 
# echo 172.25.0.10 c >> /etc/hosts
# cat /etc/hosts
# ssh root@c
# sed -i '$d' /etc/hosts
# cat /etc/hosts
# ssh root@c

Ctrl+C

ssh

# rm -rf ~/.ssh/config
# host c
# ssh c

Ctrl+C

# ssh instructor@c

Ctrl+C

# ssh instructor@c 'whoami'
Asimov

ssh-keygen

ID	Role	Host
1	server	classroom
2	client	desktop0

[desktop0]

# ssh root@c

Ctrl+C

# ssh-keygen 

Enter*3

# ls ~/.ssh
# cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub 
# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub instructor@c
Asimov
# ssh -i .ssh/id_rsa 'instructor@c'
$ cat -n .ssh/authorized_keys

sshd_config PermitRootLogin

[classroom]

# yum search ssh 
# rpm -qc openssh-server
# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
...
PermitRootLogin no
# rpm -ql openssh-server | grep service
# systemctl restart sshd
# systemctl enable sshd

[desktop0]

# ssh root@c

sshd_config PasswordAuthentication

[classroom]

# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
...
PasswordAuthentication no
# systemctl restart sshd
# useradd tom && echo ttt | passwd --stdin tom

[desktop0]

# ssh tom@c || echo no
# ssh instructor@c

---

10. log

rsyslog

# yum search log
# rpm -qc rsyslog
# vim /etc/rsyslog.conf
# tail -f /var/log/messages 

Ctrl+Shift+T

$ ssh student@d0

Alt+1 , Ctrl+C

chrony

ID	Role	host
1	server	classroom
2	client	desktop

[desktop0]

# timedatectl 
# timedatectl set-ntp true
# yum search ntp
# rpm -qc chrony
# vim /etc/chrony.conf
...
server classroom.example.com iburst

note:

:3,5d,

w, ctSpace, classroom.example.com,

Esc, ZZ

# systemctl restart chronyd
# systemctl enable chronyd
# timedatectl

---

11. network

• gnome-control-center / Network
• nmcli
• nmtui
• /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

ss

# systemctl status sshd
# ss -antup | grep ssh | cat -n
# ss -atup | grep ssh | cat -n
# ss -aup | grep ssh | cat -n
# ss -atp | grep ssh | cat -n
# ss -at | grep ssh | cat -n
# ss

# grep -n ssh /etc/services | grep 22

# systemctl is-active network
# systemctl is-active NetworkManager

nmcli

# nmcli connection show 
# nmcli dev status

# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*

# nmcli connection show 
# nmcli connection show 'System eth0' 

# ip a s eth0
# ip route
# cat /etc/resolv.conf

# man nmcli | grep -A 1 nmcli.*mod
# nmcli con mod 'System eth0' \
connection.autoconnect true \
ipv4.method manual \
ipv4.addresses '172.25.0.10/16 172.25.0.250' \
ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8 \
ipv4.dns-search example.com
# ip a s eth0

# nmcli connection down 'System eth0' && nmcli connection up 'System eth0'

# ip a s eth0
# ip route
# cat /etc/resolv.conf 

# cat -n /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 
# nmcli con mod 'System eth0' ipv4.dns 172.25.254.254
# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# ping - c 2 c
# systemctl restart network
# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# ping - c 2 c

nmtui

[foundation]

# virsh console desktop

Enter
[desktop0]

root
redhat
# cat -n /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
# ifup eth0

# Ctrl+D
Ctrl+]
[foundation]

# ping d0

nm-connection-editor

[foundation]

Alt+F2 / rht-vmctl view desktop

[desktop0]

student%student

Alt+F2 / nm-conTab

hostname

RHEL7

# cat /etc/hostname
# hostname
# hostnamectl set-hostname d0.example.com
# hostname
# cat /etc/hostname
# hostnamectl

RHEL6

# vim /etc/sysconfig/network
# hostname d0.example.com
# cat /etc/redhat-release 
# uname -r

hosts

# grep hosts /etc/nsswitch.conf
# ls /etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf 
# cat /etc/hosts
# ping -c 4 c
# echo 172.25.0.10 c >> /etc/hosts
# ping -c 4 c
# sed -i '$d' /etc/host

$ host d0
$ host 172.25.0.10
$ nslookup 172.25.0.10
$ nslookup desktop0.example.com

---

12. archive

tar

# dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/f2.txt bs=2M count=1
# ls -lh /root/f*
# tar -cf /root/f.tar f1.txt /root/f2.txt 
# ls -lh /root/f*
# tar -tf /root/f.tar
# ls -lh /root/{f*,root}
# touch f*
# tar -xf f.tar 
# ls -lh /root/{f*,root}
# tar -xf f.tar -C /home
# ls -lR /home/{f*,root}

# man tar
# tar -czf /root/fa.tar.gz f[12]*
# tar -cjf /root/fa.tar.bz2 f[12]*
# tar -cJf /root/fa.tar.xz f[12]*
# ls -lh /root/f*
# tar -tf /root/fa.tar.bz2
# tar -tf /root/fa.tar.gz
# tar -tf /root/fa.tar.xz
# tar -xf /root/fa.tar.xz -C /tmp
# ls -lh /tmp/f[12]*

scp

[desktop0]

# scp anaconda-ks.cfg instructor@c:/tmp
Asimov
# ssh instructor@c 'ls -l /tmp/anaconda-ks.cfg'
Asimov
# scp instructor@c:/tmp/anaconda-ks.cfg kiosk@172.25.254.250:~/Desktop
Asimov
# ssh kiosk@172.25.254.250 'ls -l ~/Desktop'
redhat
# scp kiosk@172.25.254.250:~/Desktop/anaconda-ks.cfg ..
redhat
# ls -l /anaconda-ks.cfg

sftp

[desktop0]

# sftp instructor@c
instructor@c\'s password: `Asimov`
Connected to c.
sftp> help
sftp> pwd
Remote working directory: /home/instructor
sftp> !pwd
/root
sftp> ls
sftp> !ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
sftp> put anaconda-ks.cfg 
Uploading anaconda-ks.cfg to /home/instructor/anaconda-ks.cfg
anaconda-ks.cfg          100% 8619     8.4KB/s   00:00    
sftp> cd /tmp
sftp> pwd
Remote working directory: /tmp
sftp> ls *.cfg
anaconda-ks.cfg     
sftp> lcd /home
sftp> get anaconda-ks.cfg 
Fetching /tmp/anaconda-ks.cfg to anaconda-ks.cfg
/tmp/anaconda-ks.cfg     100% 8619     8.4KB/s   00:00    
sftp> !ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  student
sftp> quit

rsync

# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp
# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp

# ssh root@c 'touch /home/file'
# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp
# ls /tmp/home/
# cat /tmp/home/file

# ssh root@c 'echo haha >> /home/file'
# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp
# cat /tmp/home/file
# ssh root@c 'sed -i "s/a/e/g" /home/file'
# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp
# cat /tmp/home/file

# ssh root@c 'rm -f /home/file'
# rsync -av root@c:/home /tmp
# cat /tmp/home/file

---

13. rpm

rpm

# wget http://c/content/rhel7.0/x86_64/dvd/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm
# ls *.rpm
# rpm -ivh *.rpm || echo no
# yum -y install httpd
# yum list httpd
# yum -y remove httpd
# yum list httpd
# rpm -ivh *.rpm
# rpm -q httpd
# rpm -e httpd
# rpm -q httpd
# rpm -qa
# rpm -ql httpd || eco no
# rpm -qlp httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm 
# rpm -qp --scripts httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm 
# rpm -i httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm 
# rpm -qi httpd
# rpm -ql httpd
# rpm -qc httpd
# rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
# rpm -i httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm || echo no
# mv /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf .
# rpm -ivh httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm --force
# ls /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

# rpm -ivh http://c/content/rhel7.0/x86_64/errata/Packages/kernel-3.10.0-123.1.2.el7.x86_64.rpm

yum

# yum repolist 
# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo 
# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo
# yum repolist 

# yum -y install autofs || echo no
# yum-config-manager -h
# yum-config-manager --add-repo=http://c/content/rhel7.0/x86_64/dvd/
## yum-config-manager --add-repo=ftp://c
## yum-config-manager --add-repo=file:///media
# yum repolist 
# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/c_content_rhel7.0_x86_64_dvd_.repo 
# yum -y install autofs || echo no
# rpm --import http://c/content/rhel7.0/x86_64/dvd/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
# yum -y install autofs

---

14. filesystem

# lsblk 
# blkid 
# mount
# df
# df -h

mount

# lsblk 
# mkdir /mnt/hd
# mount /dev/vda1 /mnt/hd
# ls /mnt/hd
# blkid 
# mkdir /mnt/uu
# mount UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" /mnt/uu
# ls /mnt/uu

# findmnt 
# findmnt /mnt/hd 
# findmnt /mnt/uu
# umount /mnt/uu
# umount /mnt/hd
# findmnt  /mnt/uu
# findmnt /mnt/hd 

du

# du
# du -s
# du -sh

ln

# ls -lih
# du -sh /root
# ln httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm hd
# ls -lih
# du -sh /root
# ln -s httpd-2.4.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm sf
# du -sh /root
# ls -lih

locate

# locate fstab
# locate hd | grep /root || echo no
# updatedb 
# locate hd | grep /root

find

# find / -name hd
# find / -user student
# find / -user student -exec cp -a {} /tmp \;
# ls -l /tmp/

---

15. kvm

virsh

	kiosk	root
1	$ rht-vmctl status all	# virsh list --all
2	$ rht-vmctl start classroom	# virsh start desktop
3	$ rht-vmctl poweroff classroom	# virsh destroy desktop
4	$ rht-vmctl viewer classroom	# virt-viewer desktop
5	-	# virsh console desktop

virt-manager

[foundation0]

# virt-manager
- http://c/content/rhel7.0/x86_64/dvd/
- 52:54:00:00:00:0b

---

Append

Shortcut. shell

Id	Key	Function	Comments
1	Ctrl+A	head	光标跳到行首
2	Ctrl+E	end	光标跳到行尾
3	Ctrl+$\leftarrow$		光标跳到上一个单词
4	Ctrl+$\to$		光标跳到下一下单词
5	Ctrl+U	undo	删除光标前所有字母
6	Ctrl+K	kill	删除光标后所有字母
7	Ctrl+W	word	删除光标前一个单词
8	Alt+D	word	删除光标后一个单词
9	Ctrl+C	cancel	终止
10	Ctrl+D	done	完成
11	Ctrl+S	Stop	停止
12	Ctrl+Q	Quit	退出停止
13	Ctrl+L	clear	清屏
14	Esc.|Alt+.		自动粘贴上条一命令最后一个参数
15	mouse select		复制
16	mouse middle click		粘贴

Shortcut. Terminal

ID	Key	Function
1	Ctrl+Shift+T	Open Tab
2	Alt+1, Alt+2, …	Switch Tab
3	Ctrl++ | Ctrl+Shift+=	Zoom In
4	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
5	Ctrl+0	Normal Size
6	Win+$\uparrow$	Max
7	Win+$\leftarrow$	Half
8	Win+$\to$	Halt

Shortcut. gnome

	Linux	Windows
1	Alt+F1	Win
2	Alt+F1	Win+R
3	Ctrl+Alt+$\downarrow$	Ctrl+Win+$ \rightarrow $
4	Ctrl+Alt+$\uparrow$	Ctrl+Win+$ \leftarrow $