04 Numpy数学函数与逻辑函数

向量化与广播

向量化和广播这两个概念是 numpy 内部实现的基础。有了向量化，编写代码时无需使用显式循环。这些循环实际上不能省略，只不过是在内部实现，被代码中的其他结构代替。向量化的应用使得代码更简洁，可读性更强，也可以说使用了向量化方法的代码看上去更“Pythonic”。

广播（Broadcasting）机制描述了 numpy 如何在算术运算期间处理具有不同形状的数组，让较小的数组在较大的数组上“广播”，以便它们具有兼容的形状。并不是所有的维度都要彼此兼容才符合广播机制的要求，但它们必须满足一定的条件。

若两个数组的各维度兼容，也就是两个数组的每一维等长，或其中一个数组为 一维，那么广播机制就适用。如果这两个条件不满足，numpy就会抛出异常，说两个数组不兼容。

总结来说，广播的规则有三个：

• 如果两个数组的维度数dim不相同，那么小维度数组的形状将会在左边补1。
• 如果shape维度不匹配，但是有维度是1，那么可以扩展维度是1的维度匹配另一个数组；
• 如果shape维度不匹配，但是没有任何一个维度是1，则匹配引发错误；

【例】二维数组加一维数组

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(4)
y = np.ones((3, 4))
print(x.shape)  # (4,)
print(y.shape)  # (3, 4)

print((x + y).shape)  # (3, 4)
print(x + y)
# [[1. 2. 3. 4.]
#  [1. 2. 3. 4.]
#  [1. 2. 3. 4.]]

【例】两个数组均需要广播

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(4).reshape(4, 1)
y = np.ones(5)

print(x.shape)  # (4, 1)
print(y.shape)  # (5,)

print((x + y).shape)  # (4, 5)
print(x + y)
# [[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
#  [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
#  [3. 3. 3. 3. 3.]
#  [4. 4. 4. 4. 4.]]

x = np.array([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0])
y = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
z = x[:, np.newaxis] + y
print(z)
# [[ 1.  2.  3.]
#  [11. 12. 13.]
#  [21. 22. 23.]
#  [31. 32. 33.]]

【例】不匹配报错的例子

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(4)
y = np.ones(5)

print(x.shape)  # (4,)
print(y.shape)  # (5,)

print(x + y)
# ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (4,) (5,) 

数学函数

算数运算

numpy.add

numpy.subtract

numpy.multiply

numpy.divide

numpy.floor_divide

numpy.power

• numpy.add(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Add arguments element-wise.
• numpy.subtract(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Subtract arguments element-wise.
• numpy.multiply(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Multiply arguments element-wise.
• numpy.divide(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Returns a true division of the inputs, element-wise.
• numpy.floor_divide(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return the largest integer smaller or equal to the division of the inputs.
• numpy.power(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) First array elements raised to powers from second array, element-wise.

在 numpy 中对以上函数进行了运算符的重载，且运算符为 元素级。也就是说，它们只用于位置相同的元素之间，所得到的运算结果组成一个新的数组。

numpy.sqrt

numpy.square

• numpy.sqrt(x, *args, **kwargs) Return the non-negative square-root of an array, element-wise.
• numpy.square(x, *args, **kwargs) Return the element-wise square of the input.

三角函数

numpy.sin

numpy.cos

numpy.tan

numpy.arcsin

numpy.arccos

numpy.arctan

• numpy.sin(x, *args, **kwargs) Trigonometric sine, element-wise.
• numpy.cos(x, *args, **kwargs) Cosine element-wise.
• numpy.tan(x, *args, **kwargs) Compute tangent element-wise.
• numpy.arcsin(x, *args, **kwargs) Inverse sine, element-wise.
• numpy.arccos(x, *args, **kwargs) Trigonometric inverse cosine, element-wise.
• numpy.arctan(x, *args, **kwargs) Trigonometric inverse tangent, element-wise.

指数和对数

numpy.exp

numpy.log

numpy.exp2

numpy.log2

numpy.log10

• numpy.exp(x, *args, **kwargs) Calculate the exponential of all elements in the input array.
• numpy.log(x, *args, **kwargs) Natural logarithm, element-wise.
• numpy.exp2(x, *args, **kwargs) Calculate 2**p for all p in the input array.
• numpy.log2(x, *args, **kwargs) Base-2 logarithm of x.
• numpy.log10(x, *args, **kwargs) Return the base 10 logarithm of the input array, element-wise.

加法函数、乘法函数

numpy.sum

• numpy.sum(a[, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, …]) Sum of array elements over a given axis.

通过不同的 axis，numpy 会沿着不同的方向进行操作：如果不设置，那么对所有的元素操作；如果axis=0，则沿着纵轴进行操作；axis=1，则沿着横轴进行操作。但这只是简单的二位数组，如果是多维的呢？可以总结为一句话：设axis=i，则 numpy 沿着第i个下标变化的方向进行操作。

numpy.cumsum

• numpy.cumsum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None) Return the cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis.

聚合函数 是指对一组值（比如一个数组）进行操作，返回一个单一值作为结果的函数。因而，求数组所有元素之和的函数就是聚合函数。ndarray类实现了多个这样的函数。

numpy.prod 乘积

• numpy.prod(a[, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, …]) Return the product of array elements over a given axis.

numpy.cumprod 累乘

• numpy.cumprod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None) Return the cumulative product of elements along a given axis.

numpy.diff 差值

• numpy.diff(a, n=1, axis=-1, prepend=np._NoValue, append=np._NoValue) Calculate the n-th discrete difference along the given axis.
  • a：输入矩阵
  • n：可选，代表要执行几次差值
  • axis：默认是最后一个

The first difference is given by out[i] = a[i+1] - a[i] along the given axis, higher differences are calculated by using diff recursively.

四舍五入

numpy.around 舍入

• numpy.around(a, decimals=0, out=None) Evenly round to the given number of decimals.

numpy.ceil 上限

numpy.floor 下限

• numpy.ceil(x, *args, **kwargs) Return the ceiling of the input, element-wise.
• numpy.floor(x, *args, **kwargs) Return the floor of the input, element-wise.

杂项

numpy.clip 裁剪

• numpy.clip(a, a_min, a_max, out=None, **kwargs): Clip (limit) the values in an array.

Given an interval, values outside the interval are clipped to the interval edges. For example, if an interval of [0, 1] is specified, values smaller than 0 become 0, and values larger than 1 become 1.

numpy.absolute 绝对值

numpy.abs

• numpy.absolute(x, *args, **kwargs) Calculate the absolute value element-wise.
• numpy.abs(x, *args, **kwargs) is a shorthand for this function.

numpy.sign 返回数字符号的逐元素指示

• numpy.sign(x, *args, **kwargs) Returns an element-wise indication of the sign of a number.

逻辑函数

真值测试

numpy.all

numpy.any

• numpy.all(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue) Test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
• numpy.any(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue) Test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True.

数组内容

numpy.isnan

• numpy.isnan(x, *args, **kwargs) Test element-wise for NaN and return result as a boolean array.

逻辑运算

numpy.logical_not

numpy.logical_and

numpy.logical_or

numpy.logical_xor

• numpy.logical_not(x, *args, **kwargs)Compute the truth value of NOT x element-wise.
• numpy.logical_and(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Compute the truth value of x1 AND x2 element-wise.
• numpy.logical_or(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs)Compute the truth value of x1 OR x2 element-wise.
• numpy.logical_xor(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs)Compute the truth value of x1 XOR x2, element-wise.

对照

numpy.greater

numpy.greater_equal

numpy.equal

numpy.not_equal

numpy.less

numpy.less_equal

• numpy.greater(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return the truth value of (x1 > x2) element-wise.
• numpy.greater_equal(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return the truth value of (x1 >= x2) element-wise.
• numpy.equal(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return (x1 == x2) element-wise.
• numpy.not_equal(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return (x1 != x2) element-wise.
• numpy.less(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return the truth value of (x1 < x2) element-wise.
• numpy.less_equal(x1, x2, *args, **kwargs) Return the truth value of (x1 =< x2) element-wise.

numpy.isclose

numpy.allclose

• numpy.isclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False) Returns a boolean array where two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
• numpy.allclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False) Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.

numpy.allclose() 等价于 numpy.all(isclose(a, b, rtol=rtol, atol=atol, equal_nan=equal_nan))。

The tolerance values are positive, typically very small numbers. The relative difference (rtol * abs(b)) and the absolute difference atol are added together to compare against the absolute difference between a and b.

判断是否为True的计算依据：

np.absolute(a - b) <= (atol + rtol * absolute(b))

- atol：float，绝对公差。
- rtol：float，相对公差。

NaNs are treated as equal if they are in the same place and if equal_nan=True. Infs are treated as equal if they are in the same place and of the same sign in both arrays.