Linux IOCTL

一、什么是IOCTL

首先，ioctl是一个系统调用。

二、IOCTL有什么用

1.应用场景

The major use of this is in case of handling some specific operations of a device for which the kernel does not have a system call by default.

2.应用案例

Some real-time applications of ioctl are Ejecting the media from a “cd” drive, change the Baud Rate of Serial port, Adjust the Volume, Reading or Writing device registers, etc. We already have the write and read function in our device driver. But it is not enough for all cases.

三、实现IOCTL

        1）Create IOCTL command in driver

        2）Write IOCTL function in the driver

        3）Create IOCTL command in a Userspace application

        4）Use the IOCTL system call in a Userspace

四、Create IOCTL command in driver

//1.包含头文件
#include <linux/ioctl.h>

//2.定义IOCTL command
#define WR_VALUE _IOW('a','a',int32_t*)
#define RD_VALUE _IOR('a','b',int32_t*)

说明：

#define "ioctl name" __IOX("magic number","command number","argument type")

where IOX can be :
“IO“: an ioctl with no parameters
“IOW“: an ioctl with write parameters (copy_from_user)
“IOR“: an ioctl with read parameters (copy_to_user)
“IOWR“: an ioctl with both write and read parameters

• The Magic Number is a unique number or character that will differentiate our set of ioctl calls from the other ioctl calls. some times the major number for the device is used here.
• Command Number is the number that is assigned to the ioctl. This is used to differentiate the commands from one another.
• The last is the type of data.

五、Write IOCTL function in the driver

This step is to implement the ioctl call we defined into the corresponding driver. We need to add the ioctl function to our driver. Find the prototype of the function below. 

int  ioctl(struct inode *inode,struct file *file,unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)

 Where：

        <inode> : is the inode number of the file being worked on.
        <file>   : is the file pointer to the file that was passed by the application.
        <cmd>     : is the ioctl command that was called from the userspace.
        <arg>     : are the arguments passed from the userspace

Within the function “ioctl” we need to implement all the commands that we defined above (WR_VALUE, RD_VALUE). We need to use the same commands in the switch statement which is defined above.（这一点要注意）

Then we need to inform the kernel that the ioctl calls are implemented in the function “etx_ioctl“. This is done by making the fops pointer “unlocked_ioctl” to point to “etx_ioctl” as shown below.

/*
** This function will be called when we write IOCTL on the Device file
*/
static long etx_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
         switch(cmd) {
                case WR_VALUE:
                        if( copy_from_user(&value ,(int32_t*) arg, sizeof(value)) )
                        {
                                pr_err("Data Write : Err!\n");
                        }
                        pr_info("Value = %d\n", value);
                        break;
                case RD_VALUE:
                        if( copy_to_user((int32_t*) arg, &value, sizeof(value)) )
                        {
                                pr_err("Data Read : Err!\n");
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        pr_info("Default\n");
                        break;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
** File operation sturcture
*/
static struct file_operations fops =
{
        .owner          = THIS_MODULE,
        .read           = etx_read,
        .write          = etx_write,
        .open           = etx_open,
        .unlocked_ioctl = etx_ioctl,
        .release        = etx_release,
};

六、Create IOCTL command in a Userspace application

Just define the ioctl command like how we defined it in the driver.

#define WR_VALUE _IOW('a','a',int32_t*)
#define RD_VALUE _IOR('a','b',int32_t*)

七、Use the IOCTL system call in a Userspace

Include the header file <sys/ioctl.h>.Now we need to call the new ioctl command from a user application.

long ioctl( "file descriptor","ioctl command","Arguments");

Where:

        <file descriptor>: This the open file on which the ioctl command needs to be executed, which would generally be device files.
        <ioctl command>: ioctl command which is implemented to achieve the desired functionality
        <arguments>: The arguments need to be passed to the ioctl command.

ioctl(fd, WR_VALUE, (int32_t*) &number); 
ioctl(fd, RD_VALUE, (int32_t*) &value);

八、实际例子

/***************************************************************************//**
*  \file       driver.c
*
*  \details    Simple Linux device driver (IOCTL)
*
*******************************************************************************/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include<linux/slab.h>                 //kmalloc()
#include<linux/uaccess.h>              //copy_to/from_user()
#include <linux/ioctl.h>
 
 
#define WR_VALUE _IOW('a','a',int32_t*)
#define RD_VALUE _IOR('a','b',int32_t*)
 
int32_t value = 0;
 
dev_t dev = 0;
static struct class *dev_class;
static struct cdev etx_cdev;

/*
** Function Prototypes
*/
static int      __init etx_driver_init(void);
static void     __exit etx_driver_exit(void);
static int      etx_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
static int      etx_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
static ssize_t  etx_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t len,loff_t * off);
static ssize_t  etx_write(struct file *filp, const char *buf, size_t len, loff_t * off);
static long     etx_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);

/*
** File operation sturcture
*/
static struct file_operations fops =
{
        .owner          = THIS_MODULE,
        .read           = etx_read,
        .write          = etx_write,
        .open           = etx_open,
        .unlocked_ioctl = etx_ioctl,
        .release        = etx_release,
};

/*
** This function will be called when we open the Device file
*/
static int etx_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        pr_info("Device File Opened...!!!\n");
        return 0;
}

/*
** This function will be called when we close the Device file
*/
static int etx_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        pr_info("Device File Closed...!!!\n");
        return 0;
}

/*
** This function will be called when we read the Device file
*/
static ssize_t etx_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
        pr_info("Read Function\n");
        return 0;
}

/*
** This function will be called when we write the Device file
*/
static ssize_t etx_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
        pr_info("Write function\n");
        return len;
}

/*
** This function will be called when we write IOCTL on the Device file
*/
static long etx_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
         switch(cmd) {
                case WR_VALUE:
                        if( copy_from_user(&value ,(int32_t*) arg, sizeof(value)) )
                        {
                                pr_err("Data Write : Err!\n");
                        }
                        pr_info("Value = %d\n", value);
                        break;
                case RD_VALUE:
                        if( copy_to_user((int32_t*) arg, &value, sizeof(value)) )
                        {
                                pr_err("Data Read : Err!\n");
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        pr_info("Default\n");
                        break;
        }
        return 0;
}
 
/*
** Module Init function
*/
static int __init etx_driver_init(void)
{
        /*Allocating Major number*/
        if((alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 1, "etx_Dev")) <0){
                pr_err("Cannot allocate major number\n");
                return -1;
        }
        pr_info("Major = %d Minor = %d \n",MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev));
 
        /*Creating cdev structure*/
        cdev_init(&etx_cdev,&fops);
 
        /*Adding character device to the system*/
        if((cdev_add(&etx_cdev,dev,1)) < 0){
            pr_err("Cannot add the device to the system\n");
            goto r_class;
        }
 
        /*Creating struct class*/
        if((dev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"etx_class")) == NULL){
            pr_err("Cannot create the struct class\n");
            goto r_class;
        }
 
        /*Creating device*/
        if((device_create(dev_class,NULL,dev,NULL,"etx_device")) == NULL){
            pr_err("Cannot create the Device 1\n");
            goto r_device;
        }
        pr_info("Device Driver Insert...Done!!!\n");
        return 0;
 
r_device:
        class_destroy(dev_class);
r_class:
        unregister_chrdev_region(dev,1);
        return -1;
}

/*
** Module exit function
*/
static void __exit etx_driver_exit(void)
{
        device_destroy(dev_class,dev);
        class_destroy(dev_class);
        cdev_del(&etx_cdev);
        unregister_chrdev_region(dev, 1);
        pr_info("Device Driver Remove...Done!!!\n");
}
 
module_init(etx_driver_init);
module_exit(etx_driver_exit);
 
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("EmbeTronicX <embetronicx@gmail.com>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Simple Linux device driver (IOCTL)");
MODULE_VERSION("1.5");

/***************************************************************************//**
*  \file       test_app.c
*
*  \details    Userspace application to test the Device driver
*
*  \author     EmbeTronicX
*
*  \Tested with Linux raspberrypi 5.10.27-v7l-embetronicx-custom+
*
*******************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include<sys/ioctl.h>
 
#define WR_VALUE _IOW('a','a',int32_t*)
#define RD_VALUE _IOR('a','b',int32_t*)
 
int main()
{
        int fd;
        int32_t value, number;
        printf("*********************************\n");
 
        printf("\nOpening Driver\n");
        fd = open("/dev/etx_device", O_RDWR);
        if(fd < 0) {
                printf("Cannot open device file...\n");
                return 0;
        }
 
        printf("Enter the Value to send\n");
        scanf("%d",&number);
        printf("Writing Value to Driver\n");
        ioctl(fd, WR_VALUE, (int32_t*) &number); 
 
        printf("Reading Value from Driver\n");
        ioctl(fd, RD_VALUE, (int32_t*) &value);
        printf("Value is %d\n", value);
 
        printf("Closing Driver\n");
        close(fd);
}