[原创] Learning in Python：Chapter 4 Introducing Python Object Types

Chapter 4: Introducing Python Object Types

 

 

1. Build-in Types:

 

        

 

2. Numbers:

• Python support big numbers
• Modules: math, random

3. String:

• String is a Sequence
• Sequence operation:
  • len(s)
  • s[1], s[-1]
  • s[1:3], s[:3], s[1:], s[:-1]
  • s + 'abc'
  • s*8
• Type-Specific methods:
  • s.find('abc')
  • s.replace('abc','bbb')
  • s.split(',')
  • s.upper()
  • s.isalpha(), s.isdigit()
  • s.rstrip()
  • Formating:
    • '%s hello, %s world' % ('I', 'python')
    • '{0} hello, {1} world'.format('I','python')
    • '{0:o}, {1:x}, {2:b}'.format(64, 64, 64)
• String is Immutable (not changing the original string, but creating new one), but can be used to make new strings.
• numbers, strings, and tuples are immutable; lists and dictionaries are not
• \0 does not teminates a string
• """  """ for mutiple-line string. r'' for raw string
• pattern matching:
  • module:  re

3. Getting help

• dir(s), help(s.replace)

 

4. List

• Mutable, Sequence
• Tpye-Specific Operations:
  • L.append()
  • L.pop(2)    # pop out the second last item
  • L.insert()
  • L.remove()
  • L.sort()
  • L.reverse()
• Comprehension:
  • [row[1] + 1 for row in M]
  • [row[1] + 1 for row in M if row[1]%2 == 0]
  • {ord(x) for x in 'spaam'}
  • {x:ord(x) for x in 'spaam'}
• Generator
  • G = ( sum(row) for row in M )
  • next(G)

5. Dictinary

• Mapping (no order), mutable
• Type-specific operations:
  • D.keys()
  • sorted(D)  The Dictionary can be ordered.
• Iteration Protocol: a physically stored sequence in memory.
• Time optimization module: time,  timeit, profile
• Missing Key:
  • if a in D
  • get: value = D.get('x', 0)
  • if/else expression: value = D['x'] if 'x' in D else 0

6. Tuples

• A list that cannot be changed: immutable
• Type-specific methods:
  • T.index(4)   return the index of 4
  • T.count(4)   return the exsit times of 4

7. Files

• file = open("abc.txt","w")
  • w: clear/create a file for writing
• file.write()
• Read:
  • file.read(), read the entire file
  • file.readline(), read one line at a time
• file.seek()

8.set

• X = set('spam')
• Y = {'h', 'a', 'm'}
• >>> X, Y
• >>> X & Y # Intersection
• >>> X | Y # Union
• >>> X – Y # Difference
• >>> {x ** 2 for x in [1, 2, 3, 4]} # Set comprehensions in 3.0

9.  type build-in function

• type()    return the type of a object
• isinstance(L, list)

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/icemoon1987/archive/2012/09/29/2708916.html