Java 核心技术 卷I 基础知识 第5章 继承

5.1 类、超类和子类

5.1.1 定义子类

5.1.2 覆盖方法

5.1.3 子类构造器

package inheritance;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

package inheritance;

public class Manager extends Employee
{
   private double bonus;

   /**
    * @param name the employee's name
    * @param salary the salary
    * @param year the hire year
    * @param month the hire month
    * @param day the hire day
    */
   public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name, salary, year, month, day);
      bonus = 0;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
      return baseSalary + bonus;
   }

   public void setBonus(double b)
   {
      bonus = b;
   }
}

package inheritance;

/**
 * This program demonstrates inheritance.
 * @version 1.21 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ManagerTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // construct a Manager object
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);

      Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];

      // fill the staff array with Manager and Employee objects

      staff[0] = boss;
      staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
      staff[2] = new Employee("Tommy Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);

      // print out information about all Employee objects
      for (Employee e : staff)
         System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
   }
}

5.1.4 继承层次

5.1.5 多态

5.1.6 理解方法调用

5.1.7 阻止继承：final类和方法

5.1.8 强制类型转换

5.1.9 抽象类

package abstractClasses;

public abstract class Person
{
   public abstract String getDescription();
   private String name;

   public Person(String name)
   {
      this.name = name;
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }
}

package abstractClasses;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee extends Person
{
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name);
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public String getDescription()
   {
      return String.format("an employee with a salary of $%.2f", salary);
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

package abstractClasses;

public class Student extends Person
{
   private String major;

   /**
    * @param nama the student's name
    * @param major the student's major
    */
   public Student(String name, String major)
   {
      // pass n to superclass constructor
      super(name);
      this.major = major;
   }

   public String getDescription()
   {
      return "a student majoring in " + major;
   }
}

package abstractClasses;

/**
 * This program demonstrates abstract classes.
 * @version 1.01 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PersonTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Person[] people = new Person[2];

      // fill the people array with Student and Employee objects
      people[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
      people[1] = new Student("Maria Morris", "computer science");

      // print out names and descriptions of all Person objects
      for (Person p : people)
         System.out.println(p.getName() + ", " + p.getDescription());
   }
}

5.1.10 受保护访问

5.2 Object：所有类的超类

5.2.1 equals方法

5.2.2 相等测试与继承

5.2.3 hashCode方法

5.2.4 toString方法

package equals;

import java.time.*;
import java.util.Objects;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      // a quick test to see if the objects are identical
      if (this == otherObject) return true;

      // must return false if the explicit parameter is null
      if (otherObject == null) return false;

      // if the classes don't match, they can't be equal
      if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false;

      // now we know otherObject is a non-null Employee
      Employee other = (Employee) otherObject;

      // test whether the fields have identical values
      return Objects.equals(name, other.name) && salary == other.salary && Objects.equals(hireDay, other.hireDay);
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return Objects.hash(name, salary, hireDay); 
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay
            + "]";
   }
}

package equals;

public class Manager extends Employee
{
   private double bonus;

   public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name, salary, year, month, day);
      bonus = 0;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
      return baseSalary + bonus;
   }

   public void setBonus(double bonus)
   {
      this.bonus = bonus;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false;
      Manager other = (Manager) otherObject;
      // super.equals checked that this and other belong to the same class
      return bonus == other.bonus;
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return java.util.Objects.hash(super.hashCode(), bonus);
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]";
   }
}

package equals;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the equals method.
 * @version 1.12 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EqualsTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee alice2 = alice1;
      Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2));

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob));

      System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob);

      Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);
      System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss);
      System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss));
      System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode());
      System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode());
      System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode());
      System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode());
   }
}

5.3 泛型数组列表

5.3.1 访问数组列表元素

5.3.2 类型化与原始数组列表的兼容性

对象包装器和自动装箱

5.5 参数变量可变的方法

5.6 枚举类

package enums;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates enumerated types.
 * @version 1.0 2004-05-24
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EnumTest
{  
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {  
      Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
      System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ");
      String input = in.next().toUpperCase();
      Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);
      System.out.println("size=" + size);
      System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation());
      if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)
         System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _.");      
   }
}

enum Size
{
   SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");

   private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
   public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }

   private String abbreviation;
}

5.7 反射

5.7.1 Class类

5.7.2 捕获异常

5.7.3 利用反射分析类的能力

5.7.4 在运行时利用反射分析对象

package objectAnalyzer;

import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ObjectAnalyzer
{
   private ArrayList<Object> visited = new ArrayList<>();

   /**
    * Converts an object to a string representation that lists all fields.
    * @param obj an object
    * @return a string with the object's class name and all field names and
    * values
    */
   public String toString(Object obj)
   {
      if (obj == null) return "null";
      if (visited.contains(obj)) return "...";
      visited.add(obj);
      Class cl = obj.getClass();
      if (cl == String.class) return (String) obj;
      if (cl.isArray())
      {
         String r = cl.getComponentType() + "[]{";
         for (int i = 0; i < Array.getLength(obj); i++)
         {
            if (i > 0) r += ",";
            Object val = Array.get(obj, i);
            if (cl.getComponentType().isPrimitive()) r += val;
            else r += toString(val);
         }
         return r + "}";
      }

      String r = cl.getName();
      // inspect the fields of this class and all superclasses
      do
      {
         r += "[";
         Field[] fields = cl.getDeclaredFields();
         AccessibleObject.setAccessible(fields, true);
         // get the names and values of all fields
         for (Field f : fields)
         {
            if (!Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
            {
               if (!r.endsWith("[")) r += ",";
               r += f.getName() + "=";
               try
               {
                  Class t = f.getType();
                  Object val = f.get(obj);
                  if (t.isPrimitive()) r += val;
                  else r += toString(val);
               }
               catch (Exception e)
               {
                  e.printStackTrace();
               }
            }
         }
         r += "]";
         cl = cl.getSuperclass();
      }
      while (cl != null);

      return r;
   }
}

package objectAnalyzer;

import java.util.ArrayList;

/**
 * This program uses reflection to spy on objects.
 * @version 1.12 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ObjectAnalyzerTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      ArrayList<Integer> squares = new ArrayList<>();
      for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
         squares.add(i * i);
      System.out.println(new ObjectAnalyzer().toString(squares));
   }
}

5.7.5 使用反射编写泛型数组代码

package arrays;

import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of reflection for manipulating arrays.
 * @version 1.2 2012-05-04
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class CopyOfTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      int[] a = { 1, 2, 3 };
      a = (int[]) goodCopyOf(a, 10);
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));

      String[] b = { "Tom", "Dick", "Harry" };
      b = (String[]) goodCopyOf(b, 10);
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b));

      System.out.println("The following call will generate an exception.");
      b = (String[]) badCopyOf(b, 10);
   }

   /**
    * This method attempts to grow an array by allocating a new array and copying all elements.
    * @param a the array to grow
    * @param newLength the new length
    * @return a larger array that contains all elements of a. However, the returned array has 
    * type Object[], not the same type as a
    */
   public static Object[] badCopyOf(Object[] a, int newLength) // not useful
   {
      Object[] newArray = new Object[newLength];
      System.arraycopy(a, 0, newArray, 0, Math.min(a.length, newLength));
      return newArray;
   }

   /**
    * This method grows an array by allocating a new array of the same type and
    * copying all elements.
    * @param a the array to grow. This can be an object array or a primitive
    * type array
    * @return a larger array that contains all elements of a.
    */
   public static Object goodCopyOf(Object a, int newLength) 
   {
      Class cl = a.getClass();
      if (!cl.isArray()) return null;
      Class componentType = cl.getComponentType();
      int length = Array.getLength(a);
      Object newArray = Array.newInstance(componentType, newLength);
      System.arraycopy(a, 0, newArray, 0, Math.min(length, newLength));
      return newArray;
   }
}

5.7.6 调用任意方法

package methods;

import java.lang.reflect.*;

/**
 * This program shows how to invoke methods through reflection.
 * @version 1.2 2012-05-04
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class MethodTableTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
   {
      // get method pointers to the square and sqrt methods
      Method square = MethodTableTest.class.getMethod("square", double.class);
      Method sqrt = Math.class.getMethod("sqrt", double.class);

      // print tables of x- and y-values

      printTable(1, 10, 10, square);
      printTable(1, 10, 10, sqrt);
   }

   /**
    * Returns the square of a number
    * @param x a number
    * @return x squared
    */
   public static double square(double x)
   {
      return x * x;
   }

   /**
    * Prints a table with x- and y-values for a method
    * @param from the lower bound for the x-values
    * @param to the upper bound for the x-values
    * @param n the number of rows in the table
    * @param f a method with a double parameter and double return value
    */
   public static void printTable(double from, double to, int n, Method f)
   {
      // print out the method as table header
      System.out.println(f);

      double dx = (to - from) / (n - 1);

      for (double x = from; x <= to; x += dx)
      {
         try
         {
            double y = (Double) f.invoke(null, x);
            System.out.printf("%10.4f | %10.4f%n", x, y);
         }
         catch (Exception e)
         {
            e.printStackTrace();
         }
      }
   }
}

5.8 继承的设计技巧