本专栏是在学习LMOS的《操作系统实战45讲》时的学习笔记，以检验学习效果。
环境准备
用vmware安装一个ubuntu操作系统，参考如下文章：
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/141033713
注意，vmware装14的版本就好，16的版本会出现很多问题（已踩坑）
hello world 的编译过程
源文件生成预处理文件： gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i
预处理文件生成编译文件： gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s
编译文件生成汇编文件： gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o
汇编文件生成可执行文件：gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld
源文件生成可执行文件：gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld
Linux系统运行可执行文件：./HelloWorld
-c表示只编译，不链接
-o表示指定生成目标文件名，如果不写就生成默认的名字。
-E只做预处理
-S只编译，生成汇编代码
HelloWorld.c文件内容：
#include "stdio.h"
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
printf("hello world!\n");
return 0;
}
HelloWorld.s文件内容：
1 .file "HelloWorld.c"
2 .text
3 .section .rodata
4 .LC0:
5 .string "hello world!"
6 .text
7 .globl main
8 .type main, @function
9 main:
10 .LFB0:
11 .cfi_startproc
12 endbr64
13 pushq %rbp
14 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
15 .cfi_offset 6, -16
16 movq %rsp, %rbp
17 .cfi_def_cfa_register 6
18 subq $16, %rsp
19 movl %edi, -4(%rbp)
20 movq %rsi, -16(%rbp)
21 leaq .LC0(%rip), %rdi
22 call puts@PLT
23 movl $0, %eax
24 leave
25 .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
26 ret
27 .cfi_endproc
28 .LFE0:
29 .size main, .-main
30 .ident "GCC: (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0"
31 .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
32 .section .note.gnu.property,"a"
33 .align 8
34 .long 1f - 0f
35 .long 4f - 1f
36 .long 5
37 0:
38 .string "GNU"
39 1:
40 .align 8
41 .long 0xc0000002
42 .long 3f - 2f
43 2:
44 .long 0x3
45 3:
46 .align 8
47 4:
用objdump反汇编.out文件：
doalter@doalterUbuntu:~/Documents/code/cosmos/lesson01/HelloWorld$ objdump -d HelloWorld
HelloWorld: file format elf64-x86-64
Disassembly of section .init:
00000000000004e8 <_init>:
4e8: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp
4ec: 48 8b 05 f5 0a 20 00 mov 0x200af5(%rip),%rax # 200fe8 <__gmon_start__>
4f3: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
4f6: 74 02 je 4fa <_init+0x12>
4f8: ff d0 callq *%rax
4fa: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp
4fe: c3 retq
Disassembly of section .plt:
0000000000000500 <.plt>:
500: ff 35 02 0b 20 00 pushq 0x200b02(%rip) # 201008 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x8>
506: ff 25 04 0b 20 00 jmpq *0x200b04(%rip) # 201010 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x10>
50c: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)
0000000000000510 <puts@plt>:
510: ff 25 02 0b 20 00 jmpq *0x200b02(%rip) # 201018 <puts@GLIBC_2.2.5>
516: 68 00 00 00 00 pushq $0x0
51b: e9 e0 ff ff ff jmpq 500 <.plt>
Disassembly of section .plt.got:
0000000000000520 <__cxa_finalize@plt>:
520: ff 25 d2 0a 20 00 jmpq *0x200ad2(%rip) # 200ff8 <__cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.2.5>
526: 66 90 xchg %ax,%ax
Disassembly of section .text:
0000000000000530 <_start>:
530: 31 ed xor %ebp,%ebp
532: 49 89 d1 mov %rdx,%r9
535: 5e pop %rsi
536: 48 89 e2 mov %rsp,%rdx
539: 48 83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rsp
53d: 50 push %rax
53e: 54 push %rsp
53f: 4c 8d 05 8a 01 00 00 lea 0x18a(%rip),%r8 # 6d0 <__libc_csu_fini>
546: 48 8d 0d 13 01 00 00 lea 0x113(%rip),%rcx # 660 <__libc_csu_init>
54d: 48 8d 3d e6 00 00 00 lea 0xe6(%rip),%rdi # 63a <main>
554: ff 15 86 0a 20 00 callq *0x200a86(%rip) # 200fe0 <__libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.2.5>
55a: f4 hlt
55b: 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
0000000000000560 <deregister_tm_clones>:
560: 48 8d 3d c9 0a 20 00 lea 0x200ac9(%rip),%rdi # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
567: 55 push %rbp
568: 48 8d 05 c1 0a 20 00 lea 0x200ac1(%rip),%rax # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
56f: 48 39 f8 cmp %rdi,%rax
572: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
575: 74 19 je 590 <deregister_tm_clones+0x30>
577: 48 8b 05 5a 0a 20 00 mov 0x200a5a(%rip),%rax # 200fd8 <_ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable>
57e: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
581: 74 0d je 590 <deregister_tm_clones+0x30>
583: 5d pop %rbp
584: ff e0 jmpq *%rax
586: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
58d: 00 00 00
590: 5d pop %rbp
591: c3 retq
592: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)
596: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
59d: 00 00 00
00000000000005a0 <register_tm_clones>:
5a0: 48 8d 3d 89 0a 20 00 lea 0x200a89(%rip),%rdi # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
5a7: 48 8d 35 82 0a 20 00 lea 0x200a82(%rip),%rsi # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
5ae: 55 push %rbp
5af: 48 29 fe sub %rdi,%rsi
5b2: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
5b5: 48 c1 fe 03 sar $0x3,%rsi
5b9: 48 89 f0 mov %rsi,%rax
5bc: 48 c1 e8 3f shr $0x3f,%rax
5c0: 48 01 c6 add %rax,%rsi
5c3: 48 d1 fe sar %rsi
5c6: 74 18 je 5e0 <register_tm_clones+0x40>
5c8: 48 8b 05 21 0a 20 00 mov 0x200a21(%rip),%rax # 200ff0 <_ITM_registerTMCloneTable>
5cf: 48 85 c0 test %rax,%rax
5d2: 74 0c je 5e0 <register_tm_clones+0x40>
5d4: 5d pop %rbp
5d5: ff e0 jmpq *%rax
5d7: 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 nopw 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
5de: 00 00
5e0: 5d pop %rbp
5e1: c3 retq
5e2: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)
5e6: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
5ed: 00 00 00
00000000000005f0 <__do_global_dtors_aux>:
5f0: 80 3d 39 0a 20 00 00 cmpb $0x0,0x200a39(%rip) # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
5f7: 75 2f jne 628 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x38>
5f9: 48 83 3d f7 09 20 00 cmpq $0x0,0x2009f7(%rip) # 200ff8 <__cxa_finalize@GLIBC_2.2.5>
600: 00
601: 55 push %rbp
602: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
605: 74 0c je 613 <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x23>
607: 48 8b 3d 1a 0a 20 00 mov 0x200a1a(%rip),%rdi # 201028 <__dso_handle>
60e: e8 0d ff ff ff callq 520 <__cxa_finalize@plt>
613: e8 48 ff ff ff callq 560 <deregister_tm_clones>
618: c6 05 11 0a 20 00 01 movb $0x1,0x200a11(%rip) # 201030 <__TMC_END__>
61f: 5d pop %rbp
620: c3 retq
621: 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)
628: f3 c3 repz retq
62a: 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopw 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
0000000000000630 <frame_dummy>:
630: 55 push %rbp
631: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
634: 5d pop %rbp
635: e9 66 ff ff ff jmpq 5a0 <register_tm_clones>
000000000000063a <main>:
63a: 55 push %rbp
63b: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
63e: 48 83 ec 10 sub $0x10,%rsp
642: 89 7d fc mov %edi,-0x4(%rbp)
645: 48 89 75 f0 mov %rsi,-0x10(%rbp)
649: 48 8d 3d 94 00 00 00 lea 0x94(%rip),%rdi # 6e4 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>
650: e8 bb fe ff ff callq 510 <puts@plt>
655: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
65a: c9 leaveq
65b: c3 retq
65c: 0f 1f 40 00 nopl 0x0(%rax)
0000000000000660 <__libc_csu_init>:
660: 41 57 push %r15
662: 41 56 push %r14
664: 49 89 d7 mov %rdx,%r15
667: 41 55 push %r13
669: 41 54 push %r12
66b: 4c 8d 25 76 07 20 00 lea 0x200776(%rip),%r12 # 200de8 <__frame_dummy_init_array_entry>
672: 55 push %rbp
673: 48 8d 2d 76 07 20 00 lea 0x200776(%rip),%rbp # 200df0 <__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry>
67a: 53 push %rbx
67b: 41 89 fd mov %edi,%r13d
67e: 49 89 f6 mov %rsi,%r14
681: 4c 29 e5 sub %r12,%rbp
684: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp
688: 48 c1 fd 03 sar $0x3,%rbp
68c: e8 57 fe ff ff callq 4e8 <_init>
691: 48 85 ed test %rbp,%rbp
694: 74 20 je 6b6 <__libc_csu_init+0x56>
696: 31 db xor %ebx,%ebx
698: 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
69f: 00
6a0: 4c 89 fa mov %r15,%rdx
6a3: 4c 89 f6 mov %r14,%rsi
6a6: 44 89 ef mov %r13d,%edi
6a9: 41 ff 14 dc callq *(%r12,%rbx,8)
6ad: 48 83 c3 01 add $0x1,%rbx
6b1: 48 39 dd cmp %rbx,%rbp
6b4: 75 ea jne 6a0 <__libc_csu_init+0x40>
6b6: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp
6ba: 5b pop %rbx
6bb: 5d pop %rbp
6bc: 41 5c pop %r12
6be: 41 5d pop %r13
6c0: 41 5e pop %r14
6c2: 41 5f pop %r15
6c4: c3 retq
6c5: 90 nop
6c6: 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 nopw %cs:0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
6cd: 00 00 00
00000000000006d0 <__libc_csu_fini>:
6d0: f3 c3 repz retq
Disassembly of section .fini:
00000000000006d4 <_fini>:
6d4: 48 83 ec 08 sub $0x8,%rsp
6d8: 48 83 c4 08 add $0x8,%rsp
6dc: c3 retq
程序最终都是一条条计算机指令，按照顺序执行的。
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