Supervised Descent Method and its Applications to Face Alignment(SDM)

    摄像机校正、图像对齐、手势结构分析等问题一般都是通过非线性最优化的方法来解决的。2阶下降方法(2 nd order descent methods)是最鲁棒,快速,可靠的非线性最优化方法。但是,它有2个主要的缺点:

1、这个函数在微分分析上可能并不合适;

2、Hessian矩阵可能很大,并且不是正定的。

本文使用SDM算法来最小化Non-linear Least Squares(非线性最小二乘法NLS)函数。在训练的时候,SDM算法学习了一个下降方向的序列,该序列最小化NLS函数的均值,这个函数是在不同点的位置处采样得到的。在测试时,SDM算法使用这个训练得到的下降方向来最小化这个NLS的目标,并不用计算Jacobian(雅克比行列式)或者Hessian矩阵。

通过实验验证,SDM算法是解决“人脸特征检测”问题的最先进的方法。

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Many computer vision problems (e.g., camera calibration, image alignment, structure from motion) are solved through a nonlinear optimization method. It is generally accepted that 2 nd order descent methods are the most robust, fast and reliable approaches for nonlinear optimization of a general smooth function. However, in the context of computer vision, 2 nd order descent methods have two main drawbacks: (1) The function might not be analytically differentiable and numerical approximations are impractical. (2) The Hessian might be large and not positive definite. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Supervised Descent Method (SDM) for minimizing a Non-linear Least Squares (NLS) function. During training, the SDM learns a sequence of descent directions that minimizes the mean of NLS functions sampled at different points. In testing, SDM minimizes the NLS objective using the learned descent directions without computing the Jacobian nor the Hessian. We illustrate the benefits of our approach in synthetic and real examples, and show how SDM achieves state-ofthe-art performance in the problem of facial feature detection. The code is available at www.humansensing.cs. cmu.edu/intraface. 1. Introduction Mathematical optimization has a fundamental impact in solving many problems in computer vision. This fact is apparent by having a quick look into any major conference in computer vision, where a significant number of papers use optimization techniques. Many important problems in computer vision such as structure from motion, image alignment, optical flow, or camera calibration can be posed as solving a nonlinear optimization problem. There are a large number of different approaches to solve these continuous nonlinear optimization problems based on first and second order methods, such as gradient descent [1] for dimensionality reduction, Gauss-Newton for image alignment [22, 5, 14] or Levenberg-Marquardt for structure from motion [8]. “I am hungry. Where is the apple? Gotta do Gradient descent

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