获取主机名、IP——gethostent(),gethostbyname(),gethostbyaddr()

1、原理：查询 /etc/hosts 等文件及 DNS or NIS 服务器
The  domain  name  queries carried out by gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() use a combination of any or all of the name server named(8), a broken out line from /etc/hosts, and the Network Information Service (NIS or YP), depending upon the contents of the order line in /etc/host.conf.  The default  action  is  to  query named(8), followed by /etc/hosts.(ubuntu man page)

The network configuration information returned by these functions can be kept in a number of places. They can be kept in static files (/etc/hosts, /etc/services, etc.), or they can be managed by a name service, such as DNS (Domain Name System) or NIS (Network Information Service). 

2、说明：
1) gethostbyname*() 和 gethostbyaddr*() 已经过时，用 getaddrinfo() 和 getnameinfo() 替代
The  gethostbyname*()  and  gethostbyaddr*()  functions  are  obsolete. Applications should use getaddrinfo(3) and getnameinfo(3) instead.
POSIX.1-2001 specifies gethostbyname(), gethostbyaddr(), sethostent(), endhostent(), gethostent(), and h_errno;
gethostbyname(), gethostbyaddr(), and h_errno are marked  obsolescent  in  that standard.
POSIX.1-2008 removes the specifications of gethostbyname(), gethostbyaddr(), and h_errno, recommending the use of getaddrinfo(3) and getnameinfo(3) instead.
(ubuntu man page)

The gethostbyname and gethostbyaddr functions only support IPv4. The API for resolving IPv6 addresses went through several iterations, as