Handler在netty中,无疑占据着非常重要的地位。Handler与Servlet中的filter很像,通过Handler可以完成通讯报文的解码编码、拦截指定的报文、统一对日志错误进行处理、统一对请求进行计数、控制Handler执行与否。一句话,没有它做不到的只有你想不到的。
Netty中的所有handler都实现自ChannelHandler接口。按照输出输出来分,分为ChannelInboundHandler、ChannelOutboundHandler两大类。ChannelInboundHandler对从客户端发往服务器的报文进行处理,一般用来执行解码、读取客户端数据、进行业务处理等;ChannelOutboundHandler对从服务器发往客户端的报文进行处理,一般用来进行编码、发送报文到客户端。
Netty中,可以注册多个handler。ChannelInboundHandler按照注册的先后顺序执行;ChannelOutboundHandler按照注册的先后顺序逆序执行,如下图所示,按照注册的先后顺序对Handler进行排序,request进入Netty后的执行顺序为:
下面例子涉及的类包括:
一、HelloServer:
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import
io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import
io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
public
class
HelloServer {
public
void
start(
int
port)
throws
Exception {
EventLoopGroup bossGroup =
new
NioEventLoopGroup();
EventLoopGroup workerGroup =
new
NioEventLoopGroup();
try
{
ServerBootstrap b =
new
ServerBootstrap();
b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.
class
)
.childHandler(
new
ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public
void
initChannel(SocketChannel ch)
throws
Exception {
// 注册两个OutboundHandler,执行顺序为注册顺序的逆序,所以应该是OutboundHandler2 OutboundHandler1
ch.pipeline().addLast(
new
OutboundHandler1());
ch.pipeline().addLast(
new
OutboundHandler2());
// 注册两个InboundHandler,执行顺序为注册顺序,所以应该是InboundHandler1 InboundHandler2
ch.pipeline().addLast(
new
InboundHandler1());
ch.pipeline().addLast(
new
InboundHandler2());
}
}).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG,
128
)
.childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE,
true
);
ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
}
finally
{
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
Exception {
HelloServer server =
new
HelloServer();
server.start(
8000
);
}
}
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public
class
InboundHandler1
extends
ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private
static
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(InboundHandler1.
class
);
@Override
public
void
channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"InboundHandler1.channelRead: ctx :"
+ ctx);
// 通知执行下一个InboundHandler
//ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
}
@Override
public
void
channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"InboundHandler1.channelReadComplete"
);
ctx.flush();
}
}
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public
class
InboundHandler2
extends
ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private
static
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(InboundHandler2.
class
);
@Override
// 读取Client发送的信息,并打印出来
public
void
channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"InboundHandler2.channelRead: ctx :"
+ ctx);
ByteBuf result = (ByteBuf) msg;
byte
[] result1 =
new
byte
[result.readableBytes()];
result.readBytes(result1);
String resultStr =
new
String(result1);
System.out.println(
"Client said:"
+ resultStr);
result.release();
ctx.write(msg);
}
@Override
public
void
channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"InboundHandler2.channelReadComplete"
);
ctx.flush();
}
}
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public
class
OutboundHandler1
extends
ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
private
static
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(OutboundHandler1.
class
);
@Override
// 向client发送消息
public
void
write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"OutboundHandler1.write"
);
String response =
"I am ok!"
;
ByteBuf encoded = ctx.alloc().buffer(
4
* response.length());
encoded.writeBytes(response.getBytes());
ctx.write(encoded);
ctx.flush();
}
}
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五、OutboundHandler2:
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public
class
OutboundHandler2
extends
ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
private
static
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(OutboundHandler2.
class
);
@Override
public
void
write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"OutboundHandler2.write"
);
// 执行下一个OutboundHandler
super
.write(ctx, msg, promise);
}
}
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下面是客户端
六、HelloClient:
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import
io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import
io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import
io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import
io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
public
class
HelloClient {
public
void
connect(String host,
int
port)
throws
Exception {
EventLoopGroup workerGroup =
new
NioEventLoopGroup();
try
{
Bootstrap b =
new
Bootstrap();
b.group(workerGroup);
b.channel(NioSocketChannel.
class
);
b.option(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE,
true
);
b.handler(
new
ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public
void
initChannel(SocketChannel ch)
throws
Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(
new
HelloClientIntHandler());
}
});
// Start the client.
ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
}
finally
{
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
Exception {
HelloClient client =
new
HelloClient();
client.connect(
"127.0.0.1"
,
8000
);
}
}
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七、HelloClientIntHandler:
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package
com.yao.nettyhandler;
import
io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import
io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import
org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public
class
HelloClientIntHandler
extends
ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private
static
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(HelloClientIntHandler.
class
);
@Override
// 读取服务端的信息
public
void
channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"HelloClientIntHandler.channelRead"
);
ByteBuf result = (ByteBuf) msg;
byte
[] result1 =
new
byte
[result.readableBytes()];
result.readBytes(result1);
result.release();
ctx.close();
System.out.println(
"Server said:"
+
new
String(result1));
}
@Override
// 当连接建立的时候向服务端发送消息 ,channelActive 事件当连接建立的时候会触发
public
void
channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx)
throws
Exception {
logger.info(
"HelloClientIntHandler.channelActive"
);
String msg =
"Are you ok?"
;
ByteBuf encoded = ctx.alloc().buffer(
4
* msg.length());
encoded.writeBytes(msg.getBytes());
ctx.write(encoded);
ctx.flush();
}
}
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在使用Handler的过程中,需要注意:
1、ChannelInboundHandler之间的传递,通过调用 ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 实现;调用ctx.write(msg) 将传递到ChannelOutboundHandler。
2、ctx.write()方法执行后,需要调用flush()方法才能令它立即执行。
3、ChannelOutboundHandler 在注册的时候需要放在最后一个ChannelInboundHandler之前,否则将无法传递到ChannelOutboundHandler。
4、Handler的消费处理放在最后一个处理。